Mikhail Krol

Mikhail Borisovich Krol

Cyrillic ( Belarusian )
	Міхаіл Барысавіч Кроль
Łacinka :	Mikhail Barysavič Krol
Transl. :	Mìchaìl Barysavìč Krolʹ
Transcr. :	Mikhail Baryssavich Krol
Cyrillic ( Russian )
	Михаил Борисович Кроль
Transl .:	Mikhail Borisovič Krol '
Transcr .:	Mikhail Borisovich Krol

Mikhail Krol ( Belarusian Міхаіл Барысавіч Кроль ; born February 18 ^{. Jul} / 2. March  1879 ^greg. In Minsk ; † 6. August 1939 in Moscow ) was a Soviet neurologist . He is considered the founder of the Belarusian school of neuropathology . He was also one of the founding fathers of the Belarusian State University and the Medical Institute in Minsk.

Life

Michail Krol grew up as the son of a Jewish official in Minsk. In 1896 he passed his A-levels in Libau, Latvia (today: Liepāja) and then studied medicine at Moscow University . After successfully completing his studies in 1901, he worked in a hospital in Moscow in a neurological counseling center and in the neurological ward. Through his mentor, Lasar Minor , he became a trainee doctor and later an assistant in the Clinic for Nervous Diseases at the Moscow Higher Women's School . There he researched the localization of brain functions. In 1911 he appeared with his results at the first congress of the Russian Association of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists in Moscow and presented them two years later at a congress in London.

During the First World War he returned to Minsk, where he ran a psychiatric clinic for the Russian Red Cross , which was open to both military and civilians. In 1917 he returned to Moscow, where he was given a chair in nervous diseases at the women's high school. He received his doctorate and habilitation by 1918 . In 1920 he became one of the co-founders of the Belarusian State University, although not in the planning commission, but in the professors' commission. The university opened in 1921. Krol was initially appointed dean, but had to give up this position again as he resided in Moscow until 1925. There he recruited various lecturers for the medical faculty. From March 1923 he took care of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , who suffered from considerable health problems after his third stroke and was threatened with death. After Lenin's death he returned to Minsk, where in October 1924 he took over the management of the chair for nervous diseases and the neurological clinic. There he researched the spread of viral neuroinfections and the functions of the nervous system.

From 1924 to 1928 the faculty developed a lively publication activity. In 1929 Julius Springer Verlag published his compendium on nervous diseases under the title The neuropathological syndromes, also in German.

After Krol had to put up with the accusation of Belorussification because of his festival publications for the university and was regarded as a representative of a national democracy condemned by the authorities , he made a radical cut in 1930 and became a member of the Communist Party and apologized in the following years. So he avoided the reprisals of the Soviet Union and was able to continue his successful career unhindered.

In 1930 the medical faculty became independent and now operated under the name Minsk State Medical Institute. There Krol became director and took part in the wave of political cleansing in the universities. In the early 1930s he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the BSSR . Since 1931 Kroll was a member of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. In 1932 he moved to the Moscow Institute for Psychoneurology, whose direction he took over from his old mentor Lasar Minor. At the same time he became the "responsible editor" of the journal Soviet Neuropathology, Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene . There he took care of the censorship and ideological orientation of the magazine on the party line. In 1933 he was appointed head of the clinic of the All Union Institute for Experimental Medicine. In 1934 he was appointed chairman of the Moscow Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists and in 1935 he was chairman of the All-Union Society. In addition, he was elected several times as a member of the Moscow City Council.

During the years of Soviet rule, like many of his research colleagues, Krol was not affected by a publication or travel ban. He was also spared the " Great Terror ". He was considered politically trustworthy and was allowed to continue to participate in international congresses. He also traveled to Germany and Europe. Among other things, he warned against the National Socialist ideology and criticized the expulsion and persecution of all “ non-Arians ” as well as the orientation of medical research in Germany towards National Socialist racial hygiene .

From 1934 to 1938 he was the chief physician of the hospital of the 4th Main Administration of the People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR, an institution that looked after the welfare of the party elite. In 1939 he was appointed a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . He died shortly afterwards on August 6, 1939.

Krol rests in a columbarium in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

meaning

Michail Borissowitsch Krol published more than 120 works in his 30-year career, mainly in Russian, but also in German, including numerous specialist articles. His remarkable work made him the founder of the Belarusian school of neuropathology. Works edited and written by him were published years later in Russia and used as textbooks in medical studies. He was also recognized internationally.

Works (selection)

Entire fonts

• The neuropathological syndromes. At the same time differential diagnosis of nervous diseases . Berlin: Julius Springer 1929.

Technical articles

• Contributions to the study of apraxia . In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry 2, 1910
• The cervical rib syndrome: contribution to the pathology of the arm plexus. In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry 94, pp. 449–461 (1925)
• Magnus de Kleyn's tone reflexes in nervous patients . In: Journal for the whole of neurology and psychiatry 94, pp. 462–472 (1925)
• Contribution to the pathology of acute spinal cord tumors . With I. at the same time. In: German Journal for Neurology 111, pp. 258-259 (1929)
• About muscle tone and chronaxy . With: Kroll M, Markow D, Kantor N. In: Nervenarzt 5, pp. 8-14 (1932)

literature

• Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . In: Discriminated - destroyed - forgotten. Disabled in the Soviet Union, under National Socialist occupation and in the Eastern Bloc 1917–1991. Edited by Alexander Friedman and Rainer Hudemann. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-515-11266-6 , pp. 107-123

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Article Michail Krol in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D066537~2a%3DMichail%20Krol~2b%3DMichail%20Krol
2. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 107f.
3. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 108ff.
4. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 113
5. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 115f.
6. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 116f.
7. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 119f.
8. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 121
9. ↑ Johannes Wiggering and Andrei Zamoiski: Between scholarship and totalitarianism: the neurologist Michail Krol ' . P. 121f.