Mohammad-Bāqer Behbehānī

Mohammad-Bāqer Vahīd Behbehānī ( Persian محمدباقر وحید بهبهانی, DMG Moḥammad-Bāqer Vaḥīd Behbehānī ; Arabic محمد باقر بن محمد أكمل, DMG Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad Akmal , known asالوحيد البهبهاني / al-Waḥīd al-Bihbahānī ; born 1704–05 or 1706–07 in Isfahan ; died 1791–92 or 1793–94) was an important Twelve Shiite mujtahid . He was one of the resuscitators of the principle of independent legal finding, i. H. the methodology of ijtihad -Teaching. In his main work Risālat al-idschtihād wa-l-achbār - the classical defense of ijschtihad against the Achbarite challenge - he emphasized the general unavailability of certainty in all law in the consequence of concealment ( ġaiba ). He led the school of the Uṣūlis or Uṣūliyya (rationalists / emphasis on origin) of Shiite Islam and, together with his students, successfully fought against those of the Achbaris (Akhbārī-Uṣūlī-Disput), who only use the Koran and the traditions ( Hadith ) as a source of law. recognized.

His father and first teacher, Mollā Moḥammad Akmal , was a student of Mollā Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī , he also studied under Sayyed Sadr-al-Din Qomi .

Some of Wahid Behbahani's disciples became great instances of religious imitation who had a decisive influence on the Islamic revival movement. Personalities such as Molla Mahdi and Molla Ahmad Narāqī (born 1771), Sheikh Jafar Kaschif al-Ghita (died around 1813), Agha Sayyid Ali Tabatabai (born 1866), Hajj Mohammad Ibrahim Kalbasi , Sayyid Mohammad Mahdi came from his theological teaching group Bahr-ul-Ulum (around 1742 to around 1798) and Mirza Qumi (around 1738 to around 1816).

Behbahani is the author of more than seventy books on fiqh and the doctrine of religion. He was buried in the shrine of Imam Hussein in Karbala , Iraq .

Behbehani is said to have had the dervish Ma'sum Ali Shah arrested, poisoned and thrown into a river as a “Sufi exterminator” .

After his death, his pupil Sayyid Mahdi Bahr-ul-Ulum (around 1743–1798) became the authority on religious questions for the Shiites.

In recent times, Hamid Algar and Robert Gleave have done research on person and work.

Takfir

The Twelver experts Moojan Momen According Behbahani played a very significant role in Shiite Islam, by the threat of Takfir ( "the threat of takfir ") brought in - d. H. to declare the opponents to be apostates, with apostasy being a capital crime -

"Into the central field of theology and jurisprudence where previously only ikhtilāf [...] had existed. Bihbahānī was now to exclude by takfīr all who disagreed with the principles of reasoning ( ʿaql ) and ijtihād as sources of law. This paved the way for a great increase in the power and influence of the mujtahids in Qājār times and for the evolution of the concept of the marjaʿ at-taqlīd . "

Works (selection)

Risālat al-idschtihād wa-l-achbār

literature

Hamid Algar : Behbahānī, Moḥammad-Bāqer ( Encyclopædia Iranica ), 1989
Robert Gleave: Inevitable doubt: two theories of Shī'ī jurisprudence . Suffer ; Boston; Cologne: Brill 2000 (also: Bristol, Univ., Diss., 1999); ISBN 9004115951 (also Yusuf al-Bahrani (1695–1772) and Muhammad Baqir al-Bihbahani)
Hamid Algar: Āḳā Sayyid Muḥammad Bāḳir Bihbihānī, Encyclopaedia of Islam ( partial view a , b )
Abbas al-Abiri: Al-Wahid Al-Behbahani (Man Of Intellect) / ديدار با ابرار وحيد بهبهاني / Translator HM Najafi (Meeting the pious) (a work written from a twelve-Shiite perspective)
Moojan Momen: An introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism , Oxford: G. Ronald, 1985, ISBN 0-85398-201-5
Hamid Algar : Religion and State in Iran, 1785–1906. The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period , Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969
Heinz Halm : The Schia. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1988, ISBN 3-534-03136-9

Web links

References and footnotes

↑ Life data according to Hamid Algar : Behbahānī, Moḥammad-Bāqer ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( Encyclopædia Iranica ), 1989 @1@ 2

↑ iranicaonline.org: Ejtehād (Aron Zysow):

"The classic defense of ejtehād against the aḵbārī challenge, Resālat al-ejtehād wa'l-aḵbār of Waḥīd Behbahānī (d. 1207/1792), stressed the general unavailability of certainty throughout the law in the wake of the ḡayba ."

↑ 30 of the students of Behbahani reached the high level of independent legal finding. From: german.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 61) - broadcast manuscript of the IRIB

↑ Hamid Algar : Behbahānī, Moḥammad-Bāqer ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Encyclopædia Iranica) @1@ 2

↑ german.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 89) (broadcast manuscript of the Broadcasting of the Islamic Republic of Iran from April 27, 2014) - cf. The enumeration of his disciples of Hamid Algar in the Encyclopædia Iranica reads: his sons, Āqā Moḥammad-ʿAlī Behbahānī, Āqā ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn; Mollā Mahdī Narāqī, Mīrzā Abu'l-Qāsem Qomī, Shaikh Jaʿfar Najafī, Ḥājj Moḥammad-Ebrāhīm Kalbāsī and Sayyed Moḥammad-Bāqer Šaftī .

^ Peter Lamborn Wilson , Karl Schlamminger: Weaver of Tales. Persian Picture Rugs / Persian tapestries. Linked myths. Callwey, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-7667-0532-6 , pp. 14–29 ( The Dervishes ), here: p. 17.

↑ german.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 89) (broadcast manuscript of the Broadcasting of the Islamic Republic of Iran from April 27, 2014)

^ Momen (1985: 128)

Mohammad-Bāqer Behbehānī (alternative names of the lemma)
Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Bihbihani; Mohammad Baqir Wahid Behbehani; Muhammad Baqir Behbahani; Behbehani; Aqa Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Bihbihani; Wahid Behbahani; Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Akmal Bahbahānī; Vahid Bihbahani; Muhammad Baqir Vahid Behbihani; Al-Wahid Al-Behbahani; Waheed Behbahani; Wahid Bihbihani; Molla Baqir Behbahani; Wahid Behbahani; Mohammad Baqir Wahid Behbehani; Waḥīd-e Behbahānī; Moḥaqqeq-e Behbahānī; Moḥammad-Bāqer Behbahānī; Mohammad Wahid Behbahani; Muḥammad Bāqir Ibn-Muḥammad AkmalBihbihānī; Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muh̄ammad Akmal al-Bahbahānī; Aqā Muḥammad Bāqir Ibn-Muḥammad Akmal Bihbihānī; Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muh̄ammad Akmal al-Bihbahānī; Muḥammad Bāqir Ibn-Muḥammad Akmal Bihbahānī; Muḥammad Bāqir Ibn-Muḥammad Akmal Bahbahānī; Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muh̄ammad Akmal al Bahbahānī; Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Akmal al-Bahbahani; Muḥammad Bāqir Ibn-Muḥammad Akmal al-Bihbihānī; Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muh̄ammad Akmal al-Isfahani; Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Akmal Isfahani; Muḥammad Bāqir al-Bihbihānī; Āḳā Sayyid Muḥammad Bāḳir Bihbihānī; Waḥīd-i Bihbihānī ou Muḥaḳḳiḳ-i Bihbihānī; Allama Waheed Behbahani; Muhammad Baqir al-Bihbahani; Moḥammad-Bāqer Behbahānī; Waḥīd Behbahānī; Allameh Vahid Behbahani; Muhammad Baqer Behbahani; Allameh Muhammad Baqer Vahid Behbahani

personal data
SURNAME	Behbehānī, Mohammad-Bāqer
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Behbehānī, Mohammad-Bāqer Vahīd (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Twelve Shiite legal scholar and theologian
DATE OF BIRTH	between 1704 and 1707
PLACE OF BIRTH	Isfahan
DATE OF DEATH	between 1791 and 1794
Place of death	Isfahan

[1] Life data according to Hamid Algar : Behbahānī, Moḥammad-Bāqer ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( Encyclopædia Iranica ), 1989 @1@ 2

[2] ranicaonline.org: Ejtehād (Aron Zysow):

"The classic defense of ejtehād against the aḵbārī challenge, Resālat al-ejtehād wa'l-aḵbār of Waḥīd Behbahānī (d. 1207/1792), stressed the general unavailability of certainty throughout the law in the wake of the ḡayba ."

[3] 30 of the students of Behbahani reached the high level of independent legal finding. From: german.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 61) - broadcast manuscript of the IRIB

[4] Hamid Algar : Behbahānī, Moḥammad-Bāqer ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Encyclopædia Iranica) @1@ 2

[5] rman.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 89) (broadcast manuscript of the Broadcasting of the Islamic Republic of Iran from April 27, 2014) - cf. The enumeration of his disciples of Hamid Algar in the Encyclopædia Iranica reads: his sons, Āqā Moḥammad-ʿAlī Behbahānī, Āqā ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn; Mollā Mahdī Narāqī, Mīrzā Abu'l-Qāsem Qomī, Shaikh Jaʿfar Najafī, Ḥājj Moḥammad-Ebrāhīm Kalbāsī and Sayyed Moḥammad-Bāqer Šaftī .

[6] Peter Lamborn Wilson , Karl Schlamminger: Weaver of Tales. Persian Picture Rugs / Persian tapestries. Linked myths. Callwey, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-7667-0532-6 , pp. 14–29 ( The Dervishes ), here: p. 17.

[7] rman.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 89) (broadcast manuscript of the Broadcasting of the Islamic Republic of Iran from April 27, 2014)

[8] Momen (1985: 128)