NMC accumulator

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An NMC accumulator , colloquially usually called an NMC battery , is a type of lithium-ion accumulator . Like all accumulators, it is used to store and release electrical energy. On the positive side , lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides are used, which release lithium ions and can absorb them again. These oxides are abbreviated as Li-NMC, LNMC, NMC or NCM, which is how the accumulator type got its name. It is one of the lithium ion accumulators and therefore has the same structure and the same functional principle as all lithium ion accumulators. The difference lies mainly in the chemical composition on the positive side. The chemical reaction on the NMC side is given here , the one on the negative side here .

Properties of NMC cells and batteries

The nominal voltage of a single NMC battery cell is usually 3.6 V or 3.7 V. The end-of- charge voltage depends on the electrolyte composition and is often 4.2 V. NMC cells are often sold in the form of a battery pack that contains cells connected in series, i.e. H. as a battery in the narrower sense. The voltage of a battery depends on the number of cells connected in series.

Use of NMC accumulators

Audi e-tron Sportback

NMC batteries can be found in most pedelec batteries and also in most electric cars . NMC batteries were installed in the BMW ActiveE in 2011/2011 and in the BMW i8 from 2013 . As of 2020, electric vehicles with NMC batteries include: Audi e-tron GE , Beijing Automotive Group EU5 R550, BMW i3 , BYD Yuan EV535, Chevrolet Bolt , Hyundai Kona Electric , Jaguar I-Pace , Jiangling Motors JMC E200L, NIO ES6 , Nissan Leaf S Plus, Renault ZOE , Roewe Ei5, VW e-Golf and VW ID.3 . There are only a few electric car manufacturers who don't use NMC in their traction batteries . The main exception is Tesla , as Tesla uses NCA batteries for its vehicles . The home storage Tesla Powerwall should be based on NMC.

Jaguar I-Pace

NMC is also used for mobile electronics such as cell phones / smartphones and laptops. In 2008, batteries with LCO were practically exclusively used for these applications, i.e. H. Lithium cobalt oxide . Another application of NMC accumulators are battery storage power plants . For example, two such storage systems with NMC for frequency regulation were installed in Korea in 2016 : one with 16 MW output and 6 MWh energy and one with 24 MW and 9 MWh. In 2017/2018 a battery with an output of over 30 MW and 11 MWh was built and put into operation in Newman in the Australian state of Western Australia .

advantages

  • Since cobalt and cobalt oxides are relatively expensive, NMC is less expensive than LiCoO 2 , which also makes the accumulators cheaper.
  • Due to the large number of possible compositions, compositions optimized for different applications can be found, e.g. B. either for high performance or high capacity.

variants

Like all lithium ion accumulators, the NMC battery can also be designed as a lithium polymer accumulator , and all design variants such as pouch cells or round cells including button cells are possible. With regard to the variants that are distinguished by the different oxide compositions, i. that is, produced by different mixing ratios of lithium , nickel , manganese and cobalt , see also here .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Miller: Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries . In: Johnson Matthey Technology Review . tape 59 , no. 1 , 2015, p. 4-13 , doi : 10.1595 / 205651315X685445 ( online ).
  2. ↑ Battery - Description of battery types. Lithium ion batteries. (No longer available online.) In: Go Pedelec! energieautark consulting gmbh, October 27, 2010, formerly in the original ; accessed on October 17, 2015 : "The most widespread Li-ion cell on the market is the lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide cell (Li-NMC) with a nominal voltage of 3.6 V per cell."
  3. ↑ Apurba Sakti, Jeremy J. Michalek, Erica RH Fuchs, Jay F. Whitacre: A techno-economic analysis and optimization of Li-ion batteries for light-duty passenger vehicle electrification . In: Journal of Power Sources . tape 273 , January 1, 2015, p. 966–980 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jpowsour.2014.09.078 ( pdf online on the website of the Design Decisions Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Carnegie Mellon University [accessed February 23, 2020]).
  4. ↑ Wangda Li, Evan M. Erickson, Arumugam Manthiram: High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries . In: Nature Energy . tape 5 , no. 1 . Springer Nature, January 2020, ISSN  2058-7546 , p. 26-34 , doi : 10.1038 / s41560-019-0513-0 ( nature.com ).
  5. ↑ Zachary Shahan: 38,000 Tesla Powerwall Reservations In Under A Week (Tesla / Elon Musk Transcript). In: CleanTechnica. May 7, 2015, Retrieved February 23, 2020 (American English).
  6. ^ Jürgen Garche, Klaus Brandt: Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications: Li-battery safety . 1st edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2018, ISBN 978-0-444-64008-6 , pp. 128 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed February 23, 2020]).
  7. ↑ Sébastien Patoux, Lucas Sannier, Hélène Lignier, Yvan Reynier, Carole Bourbon, Séverine Jouanneau, Frédéric Le Cras, Sébastien Martinet: High voltage nickel manganese spinel oxides for Li-ion batteries . In: Electrochimica Acta . tape 53 , no. May 12 , 2008, pp. 4137-4145 , doi : 10.1016 / j.electacta.2007.12.054 .
  8. ↑ Kokam: Kokam's 56 Megawatt Energy Storage Project Features World's Largest Lithium NMC Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation. In: PR Newswire. PR Newswire Association LLC, March 7, 2016, accessed February 23, 2020 .
  9. ^ Giles Parkinson: Alinta sees sub 5-year payback for unsubsidized big battery at Newman. In: RenewEconomy. August 12, 2019, accessed February 23, 2020 (Australian English).
  10. ↑ Energy Storage Solution Provider. (PDF) Retrieved February 23, 2020 (English).