Nativism (social sciences)

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Nativism (from Latin nasci "to be born"; nativus "innate, natural") describes in ethnology (ethnology) and religious sociology the orientation of political movements that support the rights of the national majority born in a country and against the immigration of foreigners or against fights the claims of a foreign minority . In 1943, the American sociologist Ralph Linton first defined nativist movements as indigenous movements with a more or less strong interest in self-employment: “Every conscious, organized attempt by members of a society to revive or continue selected aspects of their culture.” He distinguished between a revitalizing and a continuing nativism, who wants to preserve the existing; however, both forms are not mutually exclusive.

Anti-colonial nativism

Nativism is mostly to be understood as a reactive movement on the influence of colonization , on oppression, disadvantage, frustration and outside influence. Such currents can also coincide with movements of religious expectations of salvation , which are now called the salvation movement and renewal movement , for example Celtic Neopaganism or the Christian New Spiritual Movement (see also Chiliasmus ).

Often nativist movements are at the core of a political national liberation front . In former colonies they aim to restore old customs and traditions that were suppressed by colonial powers and Christian proselytizing . Therefore, nativism can also be understood as a forerunner of nationalism and can also be compared with ethnocentrism (self- centeredness) (see also vigilantism : system-stabilizing vigilante justice).

Nativism in the United States

Nativism in the United States arose in response to the huge growth in immigration between 1846 and 1854 when approximately 3 million Europeans came into the country. In 1849 a nativist secret society , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, was founded in response to this perceived threat . The nativists went public in 1854 with the establishment of the anti-Catholic American Party and called for a legal extension of the immigration and naturalization deadlines .

This form of nativism often appeared together with xenophobia (xenophobia), anti-Catholicism (anti- papism ) and racism , borne by the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant upper class ( WASP ). It was one of the initiators of anti-Catholic riots at the end of the 19th century, for example the nativist unrest in the city of Philadelphia .

Donald Trump's election victory in the 2016 presidential election has been attributed by publicists and opinion pollers to a nativist immigration policy, which they believed Trump had put at the center of his election campaign.

See also

literature

  • Antje Coburger: Nativism and xenophobia in the USA: from the founding colonies to the young republic. VMD, Saarbrücken 2008, ISBN 978-3-639-00038-2 .
  • Ralph Linton : Nativistic Movements. In: American Anthropologist. Volume 45, No. 2, 1943, pp. 230-240, here pp. 230-231 (English; PDF: 656 kB, 11 pages on wiley.com).
  • Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann : Chiliasm, nativism, nationalism: the sociological conclusion. In: Alexander Busch, German Society for Sociology (Hrsg.): Sociology and modern society: Negotiations of the 14th German Sociological Conference from May 20 to 24, 1959 in Berlin. Enke, Stuttgart 1959, pp. 228-242 ( download page ).
  • Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann, Alfons M. Duration : Chiliasm and nativism: Studies on psychology, sociology and historical casuistry of the revolutionary movements (= studies on the sociology of the revolution. Volume 1). Reimer, Berlin 1961 ( searchable in the Google book search).
  • Henry A. Rhodes: Nativist and Racist Movements in the US and their Aftermath. In: Curricular Resources. Volume 4, Unit 5, 1994 (English; online at teachersinstitute.yale.edu).
  • Hans Jürgen Wendler: Universality and nativism: The national self-image of the USA as reflected in immigration policy. Doctoral thesis University of Hamburg 1978 ( DNB 780790693 ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ralph Linton : Nativistic Movements. In: American Anthropologist. Volume 45, No. 2, 1943, pp. 230-240, here pp. 230-231 (English; PDF: 656 kB, 11 pages on wiley.com); Quote: "Any conscious, organized attempt on the part of a society's members to revive or perpetuate selected aspects of its culture. [...] For convenience we will refer to the first of these forms as revivalistic nativism , to the second as perpetualive nativism . These two forms are not completely exclusive. "
  2. ^ Clifford Young: It's Nativism: Explaining the Drivers of Trump's Popular Support. ( Memento from December 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Ipsos Ideas Spotlight . June 1, 2016, accessed June 5, 2020.
    Fred Hiatt: Opinions: Donald Trump's nativist bandwagon. In: The Washington Post . August 23, 2015, accessed June 5, 2020.
    Jennifer Jacobs, Sahil Kapur: Politics: Donald Trump Affirms Nativist Immigration Vision in Fiery Speech. In: Bloomberg.com . September 1, 2016, accessed June 5, 2020.