Naxalite Uprising

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Districts affected by Naxalites (2007)

The Naxalite Uprising has been a struggle between the Indian government and Maoist-oriented groups known as the Naxalites and the ethnic groups they support since the late 1960s .

Naxalites

Naxalites is a collective term for different communist movements and groups that are politically, ideologically and organizationally Maoist . Its origin can be traced back to the split of the Marxist Communist Party of India in 1967, which led to the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninists) . Initially, the movement had its center in West Bengal . More recently, it has spread to less developed areas of rural central and eastern India such as Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh through the activities of underground groups such as the Communist Party of India (Maoists) .

In 2007 it was estimated that Naxalites account across "half of the 28 states of India", about 40% of the area, one called "Red Corridor" ( Red corridor ) known area where they km² controlled estimated 92,000 were active . In 2009 Naxalites were active in about 180 districts in ten states of India. In August 2010, Karnataka was removed from the list of states affected by the Naxalis. In July 2011, the number of Naxalitically affected areas (including the proposed 20 districts) was reduced to 83 districts in nine states. In 2006 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called the Naxalites "The greatest challenge of internal security that our country has ever faced". In June 2011 he said: “Development is the ideal way to get people to your side” and added that the government is “strengthening development work in the 60 districts affected by Maoists”.

Naxalites are supported by the poorest rural populations, especially Adivasi . In 2011, Indian police accused the Chinese government, leaders of the Shelter Movement, and the Pakistani ISI of providing financial assistance. The Naxalites often target tribal, police and government workers in what they say is a struggle for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected farm workers and the poor, and they follow a strategy against the government similar to that of the protracted People's War .

Evaluation by the Indian government

Former Indian Government Interior Minister Gopal Krishna Pillai said he recognized that there were legitimate grounds for complaint regarding indigenous people's access to forest land and produce, and the distribution of profits from mining and hydropower, but claims that the long-term goal of Naxalites was to establish an Indian Marxist state. The interior minister said the government had decided to attack the Naxalites head-on and recapture many of the lost territories.

In February 2009 the Indian central government announced a new nationwide initiative for broad, coordinated actions aimed at addressing the Naxalite problem in all affected states ( Karnataka , Chhattisgarh , Orissa , Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra , Jharkhand , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal ) and should be called the "Integrated Action Plan" (IAP). Significantly, this plan included funding for grassroots farming projects in Naxalite affected areas, as well as increased funding for special police to better contain and reduce Naxalite impact in these areas.

In 2009 Naxalites were active in approximately 180 districts in ten states of India. In August 2010, after the first full year of fulfilling the national IAP program , Karnataka was removed from the list of Naxalitically affected states. In July 2011, the number of Naxalitically affected areas was reduced to (number includes the proposed addition of 20 districts) 83 districts in nine states. In December 2011, the national government reported that the total number of Naxalite-related deaths and injuries in the country had decreased by almost 50% compared to 2010.

Affected region

The Naxalites are active in 60 districts in India, mainly in the states of Orissa (15 districts affected), Jharkhand (14 districts), Bihar (7 districts), Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh (10 districts), Madhya Pradesh (8 districts), Maharashtra (2 districts) and West Bengal (1 district). In West Bengal, areas west of Howrah are affected by the uprising. Chhattisgarh is the epicenter of the conflict (2007).

Areas in India ruled by the Communist Party of India (Marxists) , such as West Bengal, especially Jangalmahal and Lalgarh , are among the hardest hit by violence against the state. Maoists are active here who were elected by CPI-M leaders because of the undisclosed wealth accumulation; The fight against caste discrimination and poverty is also one of their politico-social issues.

There is a correlation between areas with extensive coal deposits and the extent of the uprising. Naxalites conduct detailed socio-economic studies before performing any operations on a target area. It is alleged that the insurgents extort 14 billion Indian rupees (more than US $ 300 million) a year.

In Chhattisgarh , the Salwa Judum militia , which the BBC claims is supported by the state government - an allegation rejected by the state - was formed in response to Naxalite activities and is run by pro-Maoist activist groups for “atrocities and abuse of women “, The use of child soldiers, and the looting and destruction of property has come under attack. These allegations were made by an investigative committee of the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) appointed by the Supreme Court of India , which stated that Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribesmen against Maoist atrocities committed against them, rejected. However, in July 2011 the Supreme Court ruled the Salwa Judum unconstitutional.

In Bihar , the Ranvir Sena - a paramilitary group of landowners from the upper castes banned by the Indian government as a terrorist organization - is known to kill Dalit civilians in revenge for Naxalite activities. Similar paramilitary groups have sprung up in Andhra Pradesh over the past decade . Some of these groups are Fear Vikas , Green Tigers , Nalladandu , Red Tigers , Tirumala Tigers , Palnadu Tigers , Kakatiya Cobras , Narsa Cobras , Nallamalla Nallatrachu (Cobras) and Kranthi Sena . In 1998 and 2000 civil rights activists were murdered by the Nayeem gang . On August 24, 2005, members of the Narsi Cobras killed an individual rights activist and school teacher in Mahbubnagar district .

history

2002

The People's War Group (PWG) stepped up its attacks on politicians, police officers, and land and business owners in 2002 in response to a ban imposed on the group by the Andhra Pradesh government in July . The government responded by tightening security and allegedly ordered attacks on suspected PWG members by state police and the Green Tigers. Police were granted impunity for killing PWG rebels in clashes with police. The Maoist Communist Center rebels stepped up their armed campaign against Indian security forces after the police killed their leader in December.

2003

The conflict in Andhra Pradesh intensified as Naxalite rebel groups, particularly the PWG, continued guerrilla attacks on police and government targets as security forces stepped up efforts to counter the insurgency. An attempted assassination against Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu was in line with the PWG's practice of targeting officials to draw attention to their cause.

2004

The sporadic, low-intensity struggle between the PWG and government forces continued for most of the year. Attacks on police and TDP party officials believed to have been carried out by the PWG made most of the major incidents. A three-month ceasefire announced in late June resulted in failed negotiations between the government and the PWG. A few days after the ceasefire began, an attack attributed to the PWG jeopardized the ceasefire.

2005

Violent clashes between Maoist rebels, security forces and paramilitary groups increased after peace talks between the PWG and the Andhra Pradesh government were broken off. The rebels used a variety of guerrilla tactics against government institutions, officials, security forces and paramilitary groups. For the first time in recent times, Maoist rebels landed two large-scale attacks on official urban targets. Fighting has been reported in 12 states, southern, central, and northern India, with the exception of India's northeast and northwest.

2006

Maoist attacks continued, primarily on state and police targets. Civilians have also been targeted in landmine attacks on railroad cars and truck convoys. Clashes between state police and rebels also resulted in the deaths of families on both sides and civilians who were caught in the crossfire. The fight differs from state to state depending on the responses from security and police forces. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, security forces have been somewhat more successful in maintaining control and fighting Maoist rebels. Chhattisgarh, the other hardest hit state, has seen a surge in violence between Maoist rebels and government-backed villagers.

2007

Most of the hostilities took place in Chhattisgarh when over 400 Naxalites attacked a police station in Chhattisgarh , killing dozens of people. Civilians face pressure from both sides. In November 2007, reports emerged that anti-SEZ ( Special Economic Zone ) movements such as the Bhoomi Uchched Pratirodh Committee in Nandigram , West Bengal, had teamed up with the Naxalites since February to keep the police out. Police found weapons belonging to Maoists at Nandigram.

2008

Of the 16 states affected by this conflict, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand were hardest hit. A positive sign for Chhattisgarh was that deaths, while still high, were significantly lower than in 2007. Similarly, in Andhra Pradesh, safety has improved with a corresponding decrease in the number of fatalities. Apparently, as conditions in Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh have improved, Maoist forces have shifted their activities to the state of Orissa, where conditions have deteriorated.

2009

In September 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh admitted that Maoists had a growing appeal to a large part of Indian society, including tribal communities, the rural poor, as well as parts of the intelligentsia and youth. He added that "dealing with left-wing extremism requires a nuanced strategy - a holistic approach. It cannot be treated just as a problem of law and order ”. In the first half of 2009, 56 Maoist attacks were reported.

2010

In February, the Silda camp attack killed 24 paramilitaries from the Eastern Frontier Rifles in what the guerrillas saw as the start of Operation Peace Hunt, the Maoist response to the government’s Operation Green Hunt that had recently been launched against them , designated.

On April 6, Naxalite rebels killed 76 people in the attack in Dantewada, including 74 CPRF paramilitaries and two police officers. Fifty others were wounded in a series of attacks on security convoys in Dantewada district in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh . The attack resulted in the largest loss of life for the security forces since they launched a large-scale offensive against the rebels.

On May 17, a Naxalite land mine in Dantewada district destroyed a bus, killing up to 44 people, including officers from the Special Police ( SPOs ) and civilians. On May 28, the derailment of a Kolkata – Mumbai night train killed 150 people. Maoists were responsible for the sabotage that caused the disaster. On June 29, at least 26 police officers were killed in a Maoist attack in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh.

On August 29, a joint team from the BSF and the district police were attacked by rebels in the village of Bhuski (Chhattisgarh) under the Durg Kondal Police Station in the district while they were conducting routine investigative work in the early hours of the morning. After the attack, the security forces took revenge and lost five people, including three BSF infantrymen. On August 29 and 30, rebels ambushed a joint paramilitary and police team in Bihar , killing 10 and wounding 10 others. Four were captured and more than 35 automatic firearms were robbed by the state armed forces. The Naxalites later freed 3 of the police officers after Naxalite leader Kishenji met with concerned family members.

On September 12, Naxalites killed 3 police officers and held 4 others hostage in an ambush in Chhattisgarh. The 4 police officers were later released unconditionally after Naxalite leaders listened to urgent requests from family members. The freed police promised the Naxalites that they would never again take up arms against the uprising. On October 5, rebels killed 4 police officers while on their way to a market in Maharashtra . On October 7th, Naxaliten tried to derail the Triveni-Express, a train on the Singrauli-Bareilly line, by removing 4 lugs and 42 tension clamps. On October 8, Naxalites exploded a land mine in the border area between Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The attack killed 3 Indo-Tibetan border guards, wounded 2 others and destroyed a military off-road vehicle.

2011

In May, Naxalites killed and dismembered ten police officers , including a senior official in the Gariyaband area of ​​Chhattisgarh on the Orissa border. Police and paramilitary deaths were 43 in June. On July 21, 2011, Maoist rebels blew up a bridge in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh, killing four people and wounding five others. The attack came when the state's Congress Party leader, Nandkumar Patel, was returning from a party event. Despite the continued violence in 2011, the latest central government campaign to reduce the Naxalite militant presence, killing 447 civilians and 142 security guards, almost 50% less than in 2010. Some states that are seeing this decline in Naxalite hostilities, like Madhya Pradesh, attribute their success to their use of IAP funds for rural development.

2012

Maoist rebels kidnapped two Italians in Orissa in mid-March . On March 27, an explosion blamed on the Maoists killed 15 Indian policemen in Maharashtra .

Blood toll

The first deaths in the uprising occurred in 1980; In 2009, 1,100 people died. The number includes approximately 600 civilians, 300 security guards and 200 rebels. In 2006 there were more than 40,000 people displaced. According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Naxalite groups have, to varying degrees, recruited children and exposed them to injury and death. However, the same allegation was made against the state-funded anti-Maoist group Salwa Judum and officers from the special police who assist the security forces.

Deaths by violence

Period Civilians Security guards Insurgents total
1996 N / A N / A N / A 156
1997 202 44 102 348
1998 118 42 110 270
1999 115 36 212 363
2000 N / A N / A N / A 50
2001 N / A N / A N / A 564
Period Civilians Security guards Insurgents Total per period
1989-2001 1610 432 1007 3049
2002 382 100 141 623
2003 410 105 216 731
2004 466 100 87 653
2005 524 153 225 902
2006 521 157 274 952
2007 460 236 141 837
2008 399 221 214 834
2009 586 317 217 1.120
2010 713 285 171 1.169
2011 275 128 199 602
2012 27 35 20th 82
TOTAL 6.370 2.262 2.910 11,542

According to the BBC, more than 6,000 people died during the 20-year rebel struggle between 1990 and 2010. Based on the statistics given above, it can be calculated that more than 11,500 have been killed since the beginning of the uprising in 1980, of which more than half have died in the past ten years.

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ a b c Armed Conflicts Report - India-Andhra Pradesh . Plowshares approx. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  3. ↑ Venkitesh Ramakrishnan: The Naxalite Challenge . Frontline Magazine ( The Hindu ). September 21, 2005. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 15, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.flonnet.com
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  5. ↑ Ashook Handoo: Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach . Press Information Bureau. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
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  7. ↑ Maneesh Chhibber, Maneesh Chhibber: Center to declare more districts Naxal-hit. The Indian Express, July 5, 2011, accessed January 6, 2019 .
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  33. ^ Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill The Indian Express , April 1, 2008.
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  61. ^ Indian Army Raises the Stakes in Its War Against the Maoists . In: TIME , June 27, 2011. 
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