Negride

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Ethnographic map. Distribution of human races - the "negroid race" in brown shades in Africa and Australia ( Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1885-1892)
African peoples (drawing in Meyers Konversationslexikon 1885–1890).

Negride or Negroide ( Latin niger "black") is a racial term that is no longer in use for a number of dark-skinned African populations who inhabit most of the African continent ( sub-Saharan Africa ) with the exception of North Africa . Also Melaneside , Negritos and especially aboriginal (Australian people) have been initially assigned to the Negroids. Sometimes they were treated as a separate “race group” and assigned to the Mongolids in later theories . The classification negrid or negroid is useless in ethnological terms, because it suggests an alleged uniformity based on purely physical criteria (→ phenotypic variation ) . Sometimes the term black is used as a synonym .

According to outdated racial theories, Negrids belonged to the three fundamentally different great races alongside Europids and Mongolids . The classification as a so-called "large breed" was more or less arbitrary on the basis of (obvious) common characteristics that were assumed to have a common origin or a genetic relationship. Molecular biological data, however, show an inhomogeneity of the group summarized as the Negrids and contradict a classification into "large races". As negrid physical characteristics such as a beaded nose, frizzy hair and a dark-pigmented skin were considered. The facial skull of the “typical Negrid” has rounded eye and nasal cavities, pronounced jaws and often an elongated skull.

The term negrid itself is controversial because of its association with racism . It was derived from negro or English negro , which arouses associations with slavery , colonialism and claims to rule of European conquerors and is therefore viewed as pejorative and outdated. The form africoid is sometimes used in Anglo-Saxon research as a free alternative without derogatory connotations; Another alternative is the occasional congoid . Nevertheless negrid or negroid at least in those contexts a common name in which the term race (English race ) is still used. However, the context is not justified biologically, but mostly refers to self-attributions such as the race definition of the US Census .

The allegedly homogeneous properties of the Negrids in contrast to the other assumed "human races" has been clearly refuted in terms of molecular biology and population genetics. Each gene has its own geographical focus of distribution. In order to prove the existence of a breed, the main distribution areas of a large number of genes of a certain population would have to be largely congruent and distinguishable from other populations. However, there is no uniform geographic overlap for all Black Africans (or Ethiopians, Pygmies, Khoisans, etc.). The external differences between the so-called “Negrids” and other “races” represent only a very small part of the genetic make-up that goes back to adaptation to different climates.

Racial systematic breakdown

The Negrids were subdivided into various " small races" according to the race system - which was in use until the middle of the 20th century - whose delimitation is of course even more problematic than that of the three "large races". Despite the enormous amounts of data on various physical characteristics that were collected to determine race, the assessment always remained subjective, Eurocentric and so artificially constructed that the results corresponded to the previously formulated expectations.

The following classification was found in the 1978 guide to the anthropological exhibition at the Natural History Museum Vienna .

Sudanide

Distribution: open savannas of the eponymous Sudan , Guinea coast .

Characteristics: strongest expression of the Negroid characteristics; medium-sized, stocky; long, low head; expansive occiput; medium-high, broad face; steep forehead, often tapering in the lateral contours; large, wide eyelid cleft; very broad nose with distended nostrils; extremely wide lips with a particularly pronounced lip ridge; strongly protruding upper jaw (prognathy); medium-sized, often receding chin; dark brown to black skin; brown-black eyes; black curly hair

Nilotide

Distribution: swamps of the upper Nile ( Sudd , with floodplains of the tributaries ).

Characteristics: very tall, slender, long-legged; long, narrow head; very pronounced occiput; diamond-shaped, tall, narrow face; high, steep forehead; large, medium-sized eyelid cleft; narrow nose with distended nostrils; moderately wide lips; protruding upper jaw (prognathy) never occurring; prominently profiled chin; dark brown skin; brown-black eyes; black curly hair. Many echoes of the Ethiopids.

Ethiopids

Distribution: Ethiopia, East Africa, remains in the entire North African tropical belt.

Characteristics: transitional form from Europid to Negrid; tall, slender, strong; long, narrow, high head; tall narrow face; slightly accentuated cheekbones; high, steep, narrow forehead; large cleft eyelid; almost europid high, narrow nose; wide lips; europid profiled chin; dark red-brown skin; brown-black eyes; black curly hair.

Other sources or authors (e.g. Carleton Coon ) referred to the inhabitants of the Horn of Africa as Hamites and assigned not to the Negrids but to the Europids. (See also representation from Meyer's Konversationslexikon.)

Palänegride

Distribution: Central African rainforest zone.

Characteristics: medium-sized, long-hulled, stocky; medium to short, broad head; low, broad, diamond-shaped face; steep, high, narrow forehead; moderately large cleft eyelids; very broad, funnel-shaped nose with a flat bridge of the nose; very broad lips with a particularly pronounced lip ridge; strongly protruding upper jaw (prognathy); low, often receding chin; dark brown skin; brown-black eyes; black curly hair.

Kafride

Distribution: South African dry forest zone, East Africa.

Characteristics: medium-sized, strong; long, narrow, high head; Occiput moderately spreading; low, broad, softly padded face, rectangular in men, rounded oval in women; slightly protruding cheekbones; steep, arched forehead, pronounced frontal humps; small cleft eyelid; medium wide, straight nose, moderately flared nostrils; wide lips; moderately protruding upper jaw (prognathy); profiled chin; lighter skin than the rest of the Negrids; brown-black eyes; black curly hair.

Bambutide (Pygmid)

Distribution: primeval forests of the Congo, especially on the Ituri.

Characteristics: dwarfish stature (men approx. 144 cm, women approx. 137 cm), child-like proportions: long torso, short legs, large head; medium-long, medium-broad head; low, broad, rounded face; slightly protruding cheekbones; steep, strongly arched forehead; medium-sized, wide eyelid gap; very broad, short nose, very broad nostrils, flat bridge of the nose; moderately broad lips with convex upper lip; low, slightly receding chin; light brown skin; dark brown eyes; black, coiled hair ( filfil ).

Khoisanid Bushmen

Distribution: South African arid regions, especially the Kalahari.

Characteristics: short (men approx. 155 cm, women approx. 150 cm), child-like proportions; often fat rash in women (steatopygia); in both sexes very often triangular, attached earlobe; long, narrow head; medium height, broad, very flat face; protruding cheekbones; steep, broad forehead, pronounced frontal humps; narrow, slit eyelids; often Mongolian fold (overhanging upper eyelid); low, wide nose with button-like tip of the nose, extremely flat nasal bridge; moderately broad lips with convex upper lip; small, moderately receding chin; leathery, yellowish-brown skin; dark brown eyes; black, coiled hair (filfil).

(Note: According to modern genetic knowledge, the lineage of the population group now known as the San branched off at least 100,000 years ago from that of the “black African” populations . This also applies to the “Hottentots” referred to below .)

Khoisanid Hottentots

Distribution: South African arid regions, part of the Cape Country.

Characteristics: short, slightly larger than the Bushmen; in women almost always fat throat ( steatopygia ); long, medium-wide head; medium-high, broad, diamond-shaped, flat face; slightly protruding cheekbones; steep, broad forehead, pronounced frontal humps; narrow, slit eyelids; often Mongolian fold (overhanging upper eyelid); low, broad nose with button-like point, flat nasal bridge; moderately wide lips; small, pointed, moderately receding chin; leathery, yellowish-brown skin; dark brown eyes; black, coiled hair (filfil).

literature

  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza , P. Menozzi, A. Piazza: The history and geography of human genes . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1994 (English). (Representation from a neo-Darwinian perspective)
  • Susan Arndt (Ed.): AfrikaBilder. Studies on racism in Germany. Unrast Verlag, Münster 2001, 2006. ISBN 3-89771-407-8
  • Susan Arndt and Antje Hornscheidt (eds.): Africa and the German language. A critical reference work. Unrast Verlag, ISBN 3-89771-424-8
  • U. Bitterli: The "savages" and the "civilized". The European-overseas encounter. dtv, Munich 1982
  • F. Böckelmann: The yellow, the black and the white. Eichborn Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1999
  • Erwin Ebermann (ed.) .: Africans in Vienna: between mystification and demonization. LIT publishing house. 2003. ISBN 3-8258-5712-3
  • Grada Kilomba-Ferreira: The colonization of the self - the place of the black. In: Hito Steyerl, Encarnación Gutiérrez Rodríguez (ed.): Does the subaltern speak German? Migration and Post-Colonial Criticism. Unrast Verlag, Münster 2003, ISBN 3-89771-425-6
  • Grada Kilomba-Ferreira: “Don't You Call Me Neger!” - The N-Word, Trauma and Racism. In: ADB & cyberNomads (eds.): TheBlackBook. Germany's moults. IKO Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, London 2004
  • P. Martin: Black devils, noble Moors. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2001
  • K. Oguntoye, M. Opitz, D. Schultz (Eds.): Confess your color. Afro-German women on the trail of their history. 2nd edition, Orlanda, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-922166-21-0

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ H. Autrum, U. Wolf (Hrsg.): Humanbiologie: Results and tasks. Edition, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1973, ISBN 978-3-540-06150-2 . Pp. 76-82.
  2. ^ The Schlaining Declaration: Against Racism, Violence and Discrimination (PDF), 1995, Section II: "On the obsolete nature of the term 'race'".
  3. ↑ Ulrich Kattmann : Why and with what effect do scientists classify people? In: Heidrun Kaupen-Haas and Christian Saller (eds.): Scientific racism: Analyzes of continuity in the human and natural sciences. Campus, Frankfurt a. M. 1999, ISBN 3-593-36228-7 , pp. 65-83.
  4. ↑ Oliver Trey: The development of race theories in the 19th century: Gobineau and his essai "The inequality of the human races". disserta, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-95425-684-6 . Pp. 13, 28-29, 43.
  5. ↑ Johann Szilvassy u. Georg Kentner: Anthropology. Evolution of man races of man. Natural History Museum, Vienna 1978, online version . 130-133.
  6. ↑ John P. Jackson Jr .: “In Ways Unacademical”: The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races . In: Journal of the History of Biology . tape 34 , no. 2 , 2001, ISSN  0022-5010 , p. 247–285 , doi : 10.1023 / a: 1010366015968 ( springer.com [accessed July 15, 2018]).
  7. ↑ Description in Brockhaus 1911
  8. ^ Carina M. Schlebusch et al .: Genomic Variation in Seven Khoe-San Groups Reveals Adaptation and Complex African History. In: Science . doi: 10.1126 / science.1227721
  9. ↑ Erna van Wyk: Khoe-San peoples are unique, special - largest genomic study finds. eurekalert.org, University of the Witwatersrand , September 20, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012 (PHP).
    wbr: Khoi-San: genetic researchers study the oldest people in the world. Spiegel Online , September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.