Neopsychoanalysis

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The neo - psychoanalysis (English: Neo-Freudianism ) is a development from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud , which approximated the individual psychology and thus integrated concepts of Alfred Adler .

history

In the 1920s, growing pessimism about the therapeutic effectiveness of psychoanalysis gave rise to rethinking psychoanalytic treatment methods. In the USA, cross-cultural comparisons gave impetus to include social and cultural aspects in the treatment of mental disorders.

The rise of fascism in Europe forced many of the leading psychologists to emigrate. In 1926, Alfred Adler took over a visiting professorship at Columbia University in New York and gave a lot of lectures in the USA. Both of these contributed to the fact that the findings of his psychology were more widely disseminated in the USA than in Europe.

In 1943, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann , Erich Fromm , Harry Stack Sullivan , Clara Thompson, and Janet and David Rioch founded the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology in New York . This was the first institute of “loyal opposition” to the psychoanalytic establishment in the USA.

Representative of neo-psychoanalysis

Most neo-psychoanalysts have one thing in common: They reject the concept of the libido and its phases. If they keep the Oedipus conflict , they will interpret it differently. The role of the innate instinct becomes less important because the role of the environment, especially of interpersonal relationships , is included. The role Freud assigned to sexuality is severely restricted and viewed as a means of expression for other behavior. The therapy is still called psychoanalytic, but differs largely from Freudian norms and focuses more on the present than on the past. Neuroses and psychoses are seen as treatable.

Karen Horney (1885–1952), psychotherapist, incorporated findings from sociology and cultural anthropology and pointed to the socio-cultural influence in the development of neuroses.

Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889–1957), psychiatrist and psychotherapist, is considered a pioneer of analytically oriented psychotherapy (intensive psychotherapy) and the treatment of schizophrenia.

Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), psychiatrist, began treating psychotic patients as early as 1925. He emphasized the interpersonal relationship and the cultural factor in personal development.

Clara Thompson (1893–1958), psychotherapist and doctor, was the first director of the William Alanson White Institute in New York, with innumerable publications and lectures that made a significant contribution to the spread of the neo-psychoanalytic movement.

Erich Fromm (1900-1980), a sociologist and psychoanalyst, put the interaction between the individual and society in the socio-economic framework and led them to the typical for any society social character from.

Harald Schultz-Hencke (1892–1953), doctor and psychotherapist, dealt extensively with questions such as drive and inhibition and with the therapy of psychoses and the interpretation of dreams .

Psychoanalyst in the immediate and wider field of neopsychoanalysis

In the course of the history of classical psychoanalysis there have been many splits and developments. The term Neo-Freudianism (German: Neofreudianer), which is commonly used in English, can be used for all of these separations . This also includes the founders of individual psychology and analytical psychology : Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung .

The boundaries between neo-Freudians and second-generation neo-psychoanalysts are wider for some authors and narrower for others. The distinction between representatives of neo-psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology is not always clear in the literature. For some z. B. Erich Fromm a neo-psychoanalyst, for the others a humanistic psychologist. A broader definition of the term neo-psychoanalysis by Hellmuth Benesch reads: “The term neo-psychoanalysis does not mean the great dissidents Adler and Jung who founded their own schools, but all those who 'further developed' Freud”. Benesch then subdivides into five groups of neo-psychoanalysts: 1. creative successors of Freud, 2. neo-analysts, 3. ego-analysts, 4. expansors of the psychoanalytic concept, 5. selectors. Benesch therefore also calls some second-generation psychoanalysts neo-psychoanalysts, most of whom are not considered neo-psychoanalysts. These are:

Otto Rank (1884–1939), psychoanalyst, placed the importance of childhood trauma instead of the Oedipus complex at the center of his teaching. For him, the focus is on the present relationship doctor ↔ patient, not the patient's past. His thoughts influenced both the emergence of client-centered psychotherapy ( Carl Rogers ) and the development of Gestalt therapy ( Fritz Perls ).

Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), psychoanalyst and founder of body psychotherapy , tried to deal with psychological and psychosomatic symptoms by means of physical interventions. In his late work, which was widely rejected, he postulated a "primordial" energy orgone , which underlies life processes and can be used for therapeutic purposes by means of "orgone accumulators".

Erik H. Erikson (1902–1994), psychologist and psychoanalyst, devoted himself particularly to child psychology and wrote the step model of psychosocial development .

literature

  • Hellmuth Benesch: Neo-Psychoanalysis. In the S. (Ed.): Encyclopedic Dictionary Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. Weinheim 1995, Beltz, ISBN 3-621-27249-6 , pp. 551-571.
  • Clara Thompson: Psychoanalysis: its origin and development. German first edition by Pan-Verlag, Zurich 1952, ISBN 3-85999-011-X .
  • Jack L. Rubins: Karen Horney - gentle rebel of psychoanalysis. Fischer Tb., ISBN 3-596-25624-0 .
  • Karen Horney: New Paths in Psychoanalysis. Kindler Tb., ISBN 3-463-02090-4 .
  • Harry Stack Sullivan: The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. Fischer Tb., ISBN 3-10-076504-4 .
  • Josef Rattner (ed.): Pioneers of depth psychology. Europaverlag, ISBN 3-203-50715-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. Hellmuth Benesch: Neo-Psychoanalysis. In the S. (Ed.): Encyclopedic Dictionary Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. Weinheim 1995, Beltz, ISBN 3-621-27249-6 , pp. 551-571.
  2. Clara Thompson: The psychoanalysis: its origin and development. German first edition by Pan-Verlag, Zurich 1952, ISBN 3-85999-011-X
  3. Josef Rattner (ed.): Pioneers of depth psychology. Europaverlag, ISBN 3-203-50715-3
  4. Jack L. Rubins: Karen Horney - Gentle Rebel of Psychoanalysis. Fischer Tb., ISBN 3-596-25624-0