Fruit tree miner moth
| Fruit tree miner moth | ||||||||||||
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Fruit tree miner moth ( Lyonetia clerkella ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Lyonetia clerkella | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The fruit tree miner moth ( Lyonetia clerkella ) is a small butterfly from the longhorn leaf miner family with a wingspan of 7 to 9 millimeters. Cherry tree leaves and apple tree leaves are the main sources of food for the larvae.
Synonyms designations
- Phalaena clerkella Linnaeus , 1758
- Lyonetia penicilla ( Borkhausen , 1794)
- Lyonetia cerasifoliella ( Huebner , 1796)
- Lyonetia malifoliella ( Huebner , 1796)
- Lyonetia malella ( cupboard , 1802)
- Lyonetia autumnella ( Curtis , 1829)
- Lyonetia unipunctella ( Stephens , 1829)
- Lyonetia semiaurella ( Stephens , 1829)
- Lyonetia nivella ( Stephens , 1829)
- Lyonetia aereella ( Treitschke , 1833)
Appearance
The adult moth is silvery to white and has a distinct brown pattern with a black point on the tips of the forewings. The species forms two extreme forms, a light and a dark form, transitions are rare. The outer sides of the wings are lined with long bristles. Feet and legs are reddish brown. The larvae are greenish and have a light gray head. At eight to nine millimeters, they are five times as long as they are wide. There are two dark spots on the first three segments.
Distribution area
This species of moth is distributed all over Europe , in northwest Siberia , the Far East , North Africa , the Middle East , Turkey , India and Japan . Also Madagascar , Korea , Russia , Transcaucasia , Kazakhstan and Central Asia .
Flight time
The adults that have overwintered fly in April and May, the second generation flies in June to July, the third from late July or August, and a fourth from September to November. An exception is from October to April in the Benelux countries. There are also two more generations per year there.
Way of life
Embryonic development of the egg takes 15 days. In contrast to the nepticulid mines, no eggshell sticks to the leaf surface at the beginning of the mine. The lead is noticeably narrow and long, it often crosses the leaf several times, even across leaf veins. The vessels are also eaten through, so that the leaf dies. The caterpillar's droppings can be clearly seen as a black center line. A bright air bubble at the end of the mine indicates that the corridor has already been abandoned. Areas of the leaf enclosed by a mine change color and can die. The larva takes about 20 to 25 days to grow. Then she leaves the mine and becomes a doll. The pupae spin themselves into a cocoon that hangs on thin branches or leaves. The doll takes 15 days to develop. Adults tend to be nocturnal and live for about 7 to 10 days. The female lays her eggs on the underside of the leaves with a laying thorn directly into the leaf parenchyma . So there are roughly three to four generations a year. The moths of the last generation hibernate in crevices in the tree bark or in other hiding places on trees or in the forest.
food
Larvae feed on different species. They are most common on the leaves of the cherry (Rosaceae), apple and birch (Betulaceae). Other forage crops are pear , plum , quince and peach , hawthorn , mountain ash , coton loquat , hops and willow .
Harmful effect
In the event of a severe infection, the caterpillars, which live between two epidermis of the leaf, can cause complete defoliation of the tree and greatly reduce fruit formation for the year of infestation as well as fruit production in the future.
Combat
The damage is often minor. Plant protection products are therefore not suitable. There are currently no suitable preparations. Infestation can be reduced by crushing the caterpillars and removing the cocoons. On some fruit trees, birds eat a large part of the caterpillars. Other natural enemies include bats , caterpillar flies , and parasitic wasps .
Web links
- UK moths
- Naturespot: Apple Leaf miner
- Bladmineerders: Lyonetia clerkella (Dutch and English)
- Leafmines: Lyonetia clerkella
- Moth: Lyonetia clerkella (pictures)
- Wilhelm Berg: To the knowledge of the fruit tree miner moth Lyonetia clerkella L. with special consideration of the mass change during the years 1951 to 1953 , Part 1, Entomological Research Laboratory and Institute for Plant Diseases of the University of Bonn, dissertation presented in 1954 at the University of Bonn
Individual evidence
- ↑ GBIF.org biodiversity data , accessed July 28, 2015
- ↑ a b c Lepiforum: Lyonetia Clerkella , accessed on July 21, 2015
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Apple Leaf Miner , accessed July 21, 2015
- ↑ a b Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries , accessed July 21, 2015
- ↑ Globalspecies.org: Apple Leaf Miner Moth , accessed July 28, 2015
- ↑ a b c d Plant Diseases: Leaf Miners , accessed on July 21, 2015
- ↑ UK-Flymines: Lyonetia clerkella , accessed on July 21, 2015
- ↑ Hortipendium: fruit tree leaf miner , accessed on 21 July 2015