Aedes taeniorhynchus

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Aedes taeniorhynchus
Female black salt marsh mosquito (Aedes taeniorhynchus)

Female black salt marsh mosquito
( Aedes taeniorhynchus )

Systematics
Family : Mosquitoes (Culicidae)
Subfamily : Culicinae
Tribe : Aedini
Genre : Aedes
Subgenus : Ochlerotatus
Type : Aedes taeniorhynchus
Scientific name
Aedes taeniorhynchus
Wiedemann , 1821

Aedes taeniorhynchus ( Syn . Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus ) in German and black salt marsh mosquito ( engl. Black Salt Marsh Mosquito called), is a native to America of mosquito. Within the collective genus Aedes , this species belongs to the subgenus Ochlerotatus .

Occurrence

Aedes taeniorhynchus occurs in saltwater meadows on the coastal plains from Massachusetts to Texas . They also live on the islands of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterways . Another distribution area is Central America and the Caribbean region to the Atlantic coast of Colombia and Venezuela . A warm, humid tropical climate favors the spread of Aedes taeniorhynchus .

description

Adult specimens of the black salt marsh mosquito are dark in color. The back is black and the sides and abdominal segments have white stripes.

Taxonomy

Aedes taeniorhynchus belongs to the subgenus Ochlerotatus within the genus Aedes . Ochlerotatus was separated from the genus Aedes by John F. Reinert in 2000 , but was reunited with it by other authors in 2015. The group of mosquitoes that previously belonged to the genus Ochlerotatus is now back in the subgenus Ochlerotatus . Therefore, the name Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus is also common for the black salt marsh mosquito .

Way of life

Aedes taeniorhynchus often lives in community and in the same habitat with the eastern salt marsh mosquito ( Aedes sollicitans ). The species also occurs together with Anopheles bradleyi , Anopheles crucians and Anopheles atropos . This mosquito species lives in the lower regions of the saltwater marsh meadows , where Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens occur. In the southern area of ​​distribution, mosquitoes can be found in the mangrove swamps and on Salicornia and cruciferous Batis maritima . O. taeniorhynchus . The females are able to lay 100 to 200 eggs along the waterline in depressions, rainwater-covered lowlands, salt water marshes or mangrove swamps. The development of the mosquitoes is influenced by the irregular water level as well as the wind and tide. Although the species lives in saltwater habitats, its development is dependent on freshwater. Under favorable environmental conditions, the insects hatch after six days. The animals are sexually mature just two days after hatching and form swarms over trees and bushes at dusk. The life cycle of this mosquito species is determined by rainy and dry seasons. Aedes taeniorhynchus has enormous reproductive potential. A female usually lays 100 eggs in her lifetime, of which around 50% are females. If one assumes that the females that hatch from it lay 100 eggs in turn, then 5000 mosquitos will result. It is therefore possible that 250,000 mosquitoes will emerge within just two generations. Migratory movements of Aedes taeniorhynchus are correlated with wind speed, wind direction, landscape topography and the occurrence of flower nectar. It has been measured that females can fly two to five miles, with supportive winds can reach 30 miles and more.

Eating behavior

The females need blood to lay eggs. In daylight, the animals usually hide in dense vegetation. You start active foraging at dusk and end it at dawn. During the day, stings usually only occur when people are in close proximity to the females. Stitches can occur in other zones at any time of the day. Birds and mammals are stung. Some degree of "autogeny" has been observed in Florida mosquito populations ; H. There, females are able to form eggs without taking in blood. In the northern latitudes of their range, the eggs can enter a diapause depending on the length of the day and the water temperature . In the south, however, the reproductive cycle takes place all year round.

Relationship with people

The females of Aedes taeniorhynchus are known for their penetrative stinging behavior at certain times of the day and are considered insect pests in humans and farm animals from North Carolina to Florida and in the Caribbean. Uncontrolled mosquito populations can become a nuisance if they occur in very large swarms. They have good flight characteristics and can occur en masse in inhabited areas. Aedes taeniorhynchus has been identified as a carrier of certain diseases such as encephalitis, EEE virus (Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus), Dirofilaria immitis and others. In 1989 after Hurricane Hugo , Aedes taeniorhynchus became the dominant mosquito species in the Caribbean.

Biological control

The development of the larvae of the black salt marsh mosquito was originally combated by applying mineral oil to the surface of the water. In some areas of the USA (e.g. Louisiana ) insecticides are applied over a large area . In the meantime, some natural antagonists such as Bacillus thuringiensis , nematodes and some types of fungus have been identified that can be used for biological control of mosquitoes.

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ a b Richard C. Wilkerson, Yvonne-Marie Linton, Dina M. Fonseca, Ted R. Schultz, Dana C. Price, Daniel A. Strickman: Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships. PLoS ONE 10, 7, e0133602, July 2015 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0133602
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Charles Apperson: The Black Salt Marsh Mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. rutgers.edu ( Memento from February 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  3. Jump up ↑ John F. Reinert, Ralph E. Harbach & Ian A. Kitching: Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142, 3, pp. 289-368, 2004
  4. ↑ mosquitocatalog.org ( Memento from May 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
  5. ^ Maurice W. Provost: The Occurrence of Salt Marsh Mosquitoes in the Interior of Florida . In: The Florida Entomologist , The Florida Entomological Society, 1951
  6. ↑ a b c d Biology of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus ( Memento from July 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 34 kB) Mosquito Control Files
  7. ↑ Isolation of EEE virus from Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culiseta melanura in coastal South Carolina ( Memento from April 14, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  8. ↑ TG Floore, JL Petersen, KR Shaffer: Efficacy studies of Vectobac® 12AS and Teknar® HP-D larvicides against 3rd-instar Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus in small plot field studies . In: Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association , 2004
  9. ↑ Alberto Santamarina Mijares, Israel García Avila, José Rivera Rosales and Angel Solís Montero: Release of Romanomermis iyengari (Nematoda: Mermithidae) to control Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Punta del Este, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. In: Journal of Medical Entomology , 1996

literature

  • SJ Carpenter, WJ LaCasse: Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico) . University of California Press, Berkeley 1955.
  • LL Coffey, SC Weaver: Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus for Eeverglades virus . In: American Journal of Tropical Medicine Hyg. , 2005, PMID 16014824 .
  • P. Manrique-Saide, M. Bolio-González, C. Sauri-Arceo, S. Dzib-Florez S, A. Zapata-Peniche: Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus: a probable vector of Dirofilaria immitis in coastal areas of Yucatan, Mexic . In: Journal of Medicinal Entomoly , 2008, PMID 18283960

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