Ommelande
Ommelande ( German Umland ) is the old name for the areas of today's Dutch province of Groningen , which are outside the city of Groningen .
Associated areas
Historically there were three Ommelande: the old Frisian Gaue Hunsingo , Fivelgo and the Westerkwartier . The Oldambt is sometimes seen as a further, fourth Ommeland. However, the flag of the Ommelande only refers to the three original Ommelande and their eleven districts. Because when the flag came into use, the Oldambt had already lost its independence.
Since 1815, the western part of the Rheiderland , which had been added to the Kingdom of Holland in 1806 , was assigned to the Oldambt as "Reiderland" . The Rheiderland and the glory of Westerwolde were historically regions in their own right. Nevertheless, the Dutch part of the Rheiderland and Westerwolde are also included in the Ommelanden in the broader sense.
The Gorecht (the area of jurisdiction of the city of Groningen and the surrounding country) is usually not counted among the Ommelands.
language
The predominant language in most of the Ommelande was East Frisian in the Middle Ages . The Ommelande also referred to themselves as "Lyts Fryslân" (Little Friesland). The flag of the Ommelande also points to the Frisian past, which shows sea leaves as well as the flag of the province of Friesland . An exception is Westerwolde, which never had a Frisian character. Lower Saxon was spoken there and in Gorecht .
Today the vernacular in the Groninger Ommelanden is no longer Frisian , but a Frisian-influenced Lower Saxon dialect ( Groninger Platt , "Gronings", "Grunnens" ), which has many similarities to East Frisian Platt . Only in the Westerkwartier are there still some language friezes.
history
middle Ages
The Ommelande were - and are partly to this day - agrarian. As in the rest of Friesland , Frisian freedom was in effect in the Ommelanden . However, the local nobility and the monasteries, as large landowners, had considerable economic and thus also political influence.
The urban density of the Ommelande was much lower in the Middle Ages as in the early modern period than in the other United Provinces . The Saxon -influenced Groningen was by definition not part of the surrounding area, but ruled and determined the Ommelande in many ways: politically, economically and culturally. Notable cities in the Ommelande were Appingedam , later also Winschoten and Delfzijl , which thanks to its sluice port grew to become the main competitor of the neighboring Appingedam and ultimately overtook it.
Early modern times and 19th century
The Ommelande were repeatedly in conflict with the city of Groningen. Because the Ommelanden upheld the claim of the Frisian motto Eala Frya Fresena . As Groningen became more and more powerful, the Ommelande joined the Union of Utrecht in order to curb the city's influence. But when in 1594 the city of Groningen became part of the Union of Utrecht ( Reductie van Groningen ), the independence of the Ommelande was over. They were connected with Groningen to the province of Stad en Lande .
After a few last, minor clashes with individual villages, the era of rebellion against the city was over. Groningen and the Ommelande adapted to each other. The East Frisian language of the Ommelande was gradually replaced by the Lower Saxon language of the city. However, there are still numerous East Frisian words to be found in this “new” dialect. In 1619 the city of Groningen bought the glory of Westerwolde.
When the peripheral areas of the Dollart were drained , parts of the foreland of the Rheiderland were also diked. When East Frisia was annexed to the Kingdom of Holland in 1806, the East Frisian part of the Rheiderland also fell to the Département Ems-Occidental (Département Groningen). However, this was reversed by the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna .
When the Kingdom of the United Netherlands was divided into 17 provinces on August 24, 1815 , the province of Stad en Lande became the province of Groningen . The “Province of Groningen” prevailed as the administrative name. As the name of the cultural area and as a historical term, however, "Ommelande" lives on.
literature
in order of appearance
- Wiebe Jannes Formsma, Riektje Annie Luitjens-Dijkveld Stol, Adolf Pathuis: De Ommelander borgen en steenhuizen . Van Gorcum, Assen 1973, ISBN 90-232-1047-6 .
- Jaap Meijer: Jood en Jodendom in Stad en Ommelanden . Meijer, Heemstede 1984.
- Harm Veldman: De beeldenstorm in Groningen. Reformation movement in stad en ommelanden . Oosterbaan & LeCointre, Goes 1990, ISBN 90-6047-932-7 .
- Harm Plas, Wim Plas: Religieus erfgoed in Groningen. Oude kerken in de Ommelanden . Profiel, Bedum 2008, ISBN 978-90-5294-411-1 .
- IJnte Botke (ed.): Het grote geschiedenisboek van de Ommelanden . Waanders, Zwolle 2011, ISBN 978-90-400-7788-3 .
Footnotes
- ↑ Anne de Siberdinus Blécourt : Oldambt en Ommelanden. Legal history opstellen met bijlagen. Van Gorcum, Assen 1935.
- ↑ Theodorus Beckeringh: Kaart of Landtafereel der Provincie van Groningen En Ommelanden verdeelt in Deszelfs Byzondere Quartiers, Districten en voornaamste Iurisdictien, Beneffens De Heerlykheid Westerwolde , 1781.
- ^ Pieter LC Niemeijer: Vivat omlandia. Wapen en vlag van de Ommelanden . Griffioen Pers, Noordhorn 2004, ISBN 90-808561-1-8 .
- ^ Focko Harders: Forays through the Frisian Ommelande . In: Ostfreesland , vol. 46 (1963), pp. 117–126.
- ^ Hidde Feenstra: Nobility in de Ommelanden. Hoofdelingen, jonkers en Eigenfders van de late middeleeuwen tot de negentiende eeuw . Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen 1988, ISBN 90-6243-075-9 .
- ↑ On the nobility, see for example, shown there using the example of the Van Ewsum family, Maria Hartgerink-Koomans: Het geslacht Ewsum. Geschiedenis van een jonkers family uit de Ommelanden in de 15e en 16e eeuw . Wolters, Groningen 1938.
- ↑ For the monasteries, see Kees Reinders: Kerken en kloosters . In: IJnte Botke (ed.): Het grote geschiedenisboek van de Ommelanden . Waanders, Zwolle 2011, pp. 165–185.
- ↑ Koert Huizenga: Groningen en de Ommelanden onder de heerschappij van Karel van Gelder (1514-1536) . Wolters, Groningen 1925.