Oneg Shabbat

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One of the milk cans in which the Marigold archive was hidden.

Oneg Shabbat ( Hebrew עונג שבת- Joy of the Sabbath , other spellings: Oneg Shabbat or Oyneg Shab (b) es ) was a cover name for the Secret Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto or Marigold Archive , the only known underground archive in the Warsaw Ghetto that was under the direction of the German occupation of Poland was built by Emanuel Ringelblum .

The collection of the Secret Archives / Oneg Shabbat is kept in the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw . It comprises 1,680 archive items with around 25,000 pages. Its Polish name there is: “Konspiracyjne Archiwum Getta Warszawskiego. Archiwum Emanuela Marigold ". In 1999 the archive was in the World Documentary Heritage of UNESCO under the English. Name Warsaw Ghetto Archives (Emanuel Ringelblum Archives) added.

history

Historians in close cooperation with the Jewish Council of the so-called Ghetto, which was controlled by the National Socialists , collected everything that could document the lives of the prisoners in the Jewish residential district / ghetto mentioned by the occupying forces. Future historians should benefit from this. On the basis of these materials, reports were also drawn up for the Polish underground active in Poland and for the Polish government- in- exile in London. The correspondence between the “Judenrat” and the German authorities was particularly important for the archive. Marcel Reich-Ranicki writes that he had to make copies of all more important letters and reports and hand them over to one of Ringelblum's employees in the secretariat of the “Judenrat”.

On July 22, 1942, the deportation of Jews captured in Warsaw to the Nazi extermination camp Treblinka , known as the Great Displacement , began . At the beginning of August, the employees of the underground archive secured their valuable holdings: Ten watertight metal boxes for documents were made and walled in in the basement of a former school in the ghetto. An 18 year old student who helped out quickly wrote his résumé and legacy:

“I want to experience the moment when the treasures we hide here are unearthed and the world learns the whole truth. Be happy to whom fate has spared these sufferings! And we will feel like veterans with medals on their chests, like wise men who look to the future. "

After the war , three surviving employees of Ringelblum began to look for the hidden underground archive. In September 1946 ten tin boxes with 1,208 archive items were found deep under the rubble of the house. In December 1950, two large milk cans with 484 archive items were recovered from another search. From the third section of the archive only a number of half-destroyed sheets were found elsewhere. The fourth and last part with Marigold's last works from 1943 and 1944 was hidden with Polish friends during the war and was later given to the Museum of Ghetto Fighters in Kibbutz Lochamej haGeta'ot (Israel).

A comprehensive edition of the documents in the Ringelblum Archive is available as a book by Samuel Kassow : Ringelblum's Legacy: The Secret Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto. published.

There were only two survivors of the Oneg Shabbat group after the destruction of the ghetto: Rachel Auerbach and Hersh Wasser .

Movie

literature

  • Emanuel Ringelblum: Ghetto Warsaw. Diaries from the chaos. Vorw. Arieh Tartakower. Seewald, Degerloch 1967.
  • Samuel D. Kassow: Ringelblum's Legacy: The Secret Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto. Karl Heinz Siber (translator). Rowohlt, Reinbek 2010, ISBN 978-3-49803-547-1 (here notation: "Oyneg Shabes").
  • Joseph Kermish (Ed.): To Live with Honor and Die with Honor. Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives Oneg Shabbath. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1986.
  • Ruta Sakowska: The second stage is death. Nazi extermination policy against Polish Jews, seen through the eyes of the victims. A historical essay and selected documents from the Marigold Archive 1941–1943 . Hentrich, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-89468077-6 .
    • this: people in the ghetto. The Jewish population in occupied Warsaw 1939–1943. Fiber, Osnabrück 1999, ISBN 3-92975937-3 .
    • this .: Archiwum marigold. Ghetto warszawskie lipiec 1942 - styczeń 1943 , Warszawa 1980.
    • this. and Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw) Ed .: Oneg Shabbat. The underground archive of the Warsaw Ghetto. Exhibition catalog. Text in German; the documents shown are also in Polish and Yiddish. With a directory of names. Verlag Arbeit und Leben NRW, Düsseldorf 2003, ISBN 83-85888-72-1 .
  • Robert Moses Shapiro & Tadeusz Epsztein: The Warsaw Ghetto Oyneg Shabes - Ringelblum Archive. Catalog and Guide. Indiana University Press 2009. ISBN 978-0-253-35327-6 . ( Table of contents online )
  • Yad Vashem (Ed.): A Commemorative Symposium in Honor of Dr. Emanuel Ringelblum and His "Oneg Shabbat" Underground Archives . Jerusalem 1983.
  • Samuel Kassow: Oyneg Shabbes. In: Dan Diner (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Jewish History and Culture (EJGK). Volume 4: Ly-Po. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2013, ISBN 978-3-476-02504-3 , pp. 464-468.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Reich-Ranicki: Mein Leben , p. 215f.
  2. ^ Samuel Kassow: Ringelblums Legacy: The Secret Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto. Karl Heinz Siber (translator). Rowohlt, Reinbek 2010, ISBN 978-3-49803-547-1 .
  3. ↑ Laura Jockusch: "Collect and record!" Jewish Holocaust documentation in early postwar Europe. Oxford University Press , 2012. There is a detailed article on Rokhel Auerbakh (Rachel Auerbach) in the English WIKIPEDIA . For further biographies see: Biographies of the Oneg Shabbat group .
  4. ↑ Information page of the arte transmitter for documentation . The film contains image and film archive material about and from the German Jewish camp in Warsaw (mostly known as the Warsaw Ghetto ) and re-enacted scenes from the game.
  5. ↑ also readable as Amazon Kindle . Also available in English and French