Emanuel Marigold

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Emanuel Marigold

Emanuel Ringelblum (born on 12. November 1900 in Buczacz in eastern Galicia , died after 7. March 1944 in Warsaw ) was a Polish Jewish historian, politician, educator and publicist who under German rule in the General Government , the underground archive Oneg Shabbat (Joy of Sabbath ) of the Warsaw Ghetto .

Life

Emanuel Ringelblum was born on November 12, 1900 in Buczacz as the son of a teacher in Galicia , then Austria . This city is now in western Ukraine in the Ternopil Oblast . He spent his childhood and youth in Nowy Sącz . When he was twelve years old, his mother died. As a half-orphan, Emanuel - constantly malnourished - had to work hard for his training, especially as a tutor. He studied from 1922 at the Philosophical Faculty of Warsaw University and received his doctorate there in 1927 with the dissertation The Jews in Warsaw from the Beginnings to 1527 ("Zydzi w Warszawie od czasów najdawniejszych do roku 1527"). With this groundbreaking work on the history of the Warsaw Jews, which was printed in 1932, the direction of his future scientific studies was determined: from the beginning of the Jewish settlement to its almost complete destruction in 1943 in the wake of the Jewish uprising. The young Marigold was particularly interested in general social issues and specifically Jewish nationality problems. Problems that were also reflected in his historiography and documentation of everyday Jewish life in Warsaw, as was later also reflected in the underground archive “Oneg Shabbat”, Ringelblum's last work.

During the politically turbulent years of the young Republic of Poland , he joined the Marxist - Zionist party Poalei Tzion and quickly became one of its leading representatives. He propagated a proletarian Palestinism that aimed to establish a socialist Jewish territory in Palestine - even if this project was a distant dream for the future for him. The basis should be peaceful, equal coexistence between the immigrants and the Arab population. In view of the looming catastrophe, Ringelblum rejected the idea of ​​emigration and instead worked intensively on the problems of the Jewish community in Poland - both theoretically and practically.

For several years he worked as a history teacher at Jewish schools, and soon he began working at the Yidisher visnshaftlekher institut (YIVO) in Vilnius, a center for sociological and linguistic research into the Yiddish language. Already here, Ringelblum learned how to deal with conspiracy, as the roots of the YIVO went back to the second half of the 19th century, when the foundations of modern Jewish science began in the clandestine conspiratorial circles of workers ( Max Weinreich ). The YIVO did not only work linguistically, but also dedicated itself in particular to the border area between history, economics, sociology and ethnography, whereby the everyday life of people was to be researched with non-professional interviewers. Ringelblum and his colleagues later used this method in the Warsaw Ghetto. Furthermore belonged Ringelblum also one of the founders of a circle of young historians at the Jewish dormitory in Warsaw, whose work was "the history of Jews in Poland Seminar" known as and from the 1929 the Vilna YIVO connected Warsaw Commission for the History of Jews in Poland emerged . Ringelblum was later able to successfully implement the results of this work for his teaching practice in history lessons at the Central Yidische Schulorganatzie (CYSHO) - the CYSHO was an initiative of Jewish schools to spread the Yiddish language of instruction against the background of a secular, socialist orientation, for which Ringelblum fought for life. At the same time, however, Ringelblum was also committed to an image of history that saw the Jews as an integral part of Polish history. In 1933 Ringelblum organized YIVO's participation in the 7th International Congress of Historical History in Warsaw, where he gave his lecture on “The Social and Economic Situation of Polish Jews in the Second Half of the 18th Century”.

In 1938, Ringelblum was sent to the Zbąszyń reception camp on the border with Germany as a representative of the Joint Distribution Committee in order to provide charitable support for the 6,000 Polish Jews who had been displaced there at the end of October 1938.

He later lived in the Warsaw ghetto . Marcel Reich-Ranicki , who had been forced in November 1940 to resettle in the Warsaw Ghetto, where he worked for the by the Nazis used Jewish Council as a translator and a special request for the "Chairman" of the Council Adam Czerniaków . At the same time he was an employee of the ghetto underground archive of Emanuel Ringelblum. In his autobiography, Reich-Ranicki describes his work for Ringelblum and the impression it made on him. Everything that could document life in the ghetto was collected in the archive. Future historians should benefit from this. Reports for the Polish underground and for the Polish government- in- exile in London were also drawn up on the basis of these materials .

Emanuel Ringelblum was found in hiding on March 7, 1944 with his wife, young son and other people in hiding. A few days later, together with the Polish protectors, they were all shot by Germans in Warsaw's Pawiak prison.

The Marigold Archive ( Oneg Shabbat )

One of the milk cans in which the Marigold archive was hidden

On July 22, 1942, the great evacuation of Warsaw Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp began . At the beginning of August, the employees of the underground archive secured their valuable holdings: Ten watertight metal boxes for documents were made and walled in in the basement of a former school in the ghetto.

After the war, Ringelblum's surviving employees began to search for the hidden underground archive. In September 1946, the ten tin boxes with 1,208 archive items were found deep under the rubble of the house. In December 1950, two large milk cans with 484 archive items were recovered from another search. From the third section of the archive only a number of half-destroyed sheets were found elsewhere. The fourth and last part with Marigold's last works from 1943 and 1944 was hidden with Polish friends during the war and was later given to the Museum House of Ghetto Fighters in Kibbutz Lochamej haGeta'ot (Israel).

The Oneg Shabbat Collection is kept in the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. It comprises 1680 archive items with around 25,000 pages. In 1999 the archive was in the World Documentary Heritage of UNESCO added.

Works

  • Emanuel Ringelblum's dissertation (1927): Zydzi w Warszawie od czasów najdawniejszych do roku 1527. (Polish; German: The Jews in Warsaw from the beginnings to the year 1527)
  • Emanuel Ringelblum: Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto , New York, 1958.
    • in Polish: Kronika getta warszawskiego. Artur Eisenbach. Czytelnik, Warszawa 1983.
  • Emmanuel Ringelblum, Joseph Kermish, Shmuel Krakowski. Translated by Danuta Dabrowska, Dana Keren: Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War. Northwestern University Press, Evanston 1992 ISBN 0-81010963-8 (English, good résumé in foreword, few pages in facsimile ) New edition
  • Warsaw Ghetto. Diaries from the chaos. Vorw. Arieh Tartakower. Seewald, Stuttgart 1967.
  • For many excerpts from the archive, see literature: Ruta Sakowska, published by Arbeit und Leben NRW, Düsseldorf

literature

  • Shimon Huberband & Kiddush Hashem: Jewish Religious and Cultural Life in Poland during the Holocaust. New York 1987.
  • Samuel D. Kassow : Ringelblum's Legacy: The Secret Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto. Karl Heinz Siber (translator). Rowohlt, Reinbek 2010, ISBN 978-3-49803-547-1 (here notation: "Oyneg Shabes").
    • Review by Martin Büsser: Like a wedge under the wheel of history. in Dschungel , supplement to jungle world , October 16, 2010, p. 10 f. (also online via the newspaper's website).
  • Joseph Kermish (Ed.): To Live with Honor and Die with Honor. Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives Oneg Shabbath. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1986.
  • Ruta Sakowska: The second stage is death. Nazi extermination policy against Polish Jews, seen through the eyes of the victims. A historical essay and selected documents from the Ringelblum archive 1941 - 1943. Translated from Polish and Yiddish as well as documentation of the picture by Jochen August . Editing of the revised and ext. Version (compared to the Polish original edition): Mira Bihaly. Ed. Memorial House of the Wannsee Conference . Hentrich, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-89468077-6 .
    • this: people in the ghetto. The Jewish population in occupied Warsaw 1939–1943. Fiber, Osnabrück 1999, ISBN 3-92975937-3 .
    • this .: Archiwum marigold. Warszawskie Ghetto. Lipiec 1942 - styczeń 1943. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa 1980. ISBN 9788301003418 .
    • this. and Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw) Ed .: Oneg Shabbat. The underground archive of the Warsaw Ghetto. Exhibition catalog. Text in German; the documents shown are also in Polish, Hebrew and Yiddish. With a directory of names. Verlag Arbeit und Leben NRW, Düsseldorf 2003, ISBN 83-85888-72-1 .
      • Overview of the exhibition: Work and Life NRW, The exhibition Oneg Shabbat. Klartext, Essen 2006 ISBN 3-89861611-8 .
  • Robert Moses Shapiro & Tadeusz Epsztein: The Warsaw Ghetto Oyneg Shabes — Ringelblum Archive. Catalog and Guide. Indiana University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-253-35327-6 . ( Table of contents online )
  • Yad Vashem (Ed.): A Commemorative Symposium in Honor of Dr. Emanuel Ringelblum and his "Oneg Shabbat" Underground Archives. Jerusalem 1983.

Movies

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ in this notation
  2. ↑ the associated exhibition can be borrowed nationwide
  3. ↑ shows the intentions and the course of the traveling exhibition "Oneg Shabbat", in 30 cities and over a period of 3 years. The project should provide an impulse for the culture of remembrance in Germany, which also opens the Polish perspective. The discussions on dealing with the past make it clear that these debates in Germany and Poland are not over. In addition, the book offers fundamental contributions to the development of the culture of remembrance as well as to the current discussion about contemporary remembrance.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Marigold, Emanuel
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Polish historian, set up the Oneg Szabat underground archive in the Warsaw ghetto
DATE OF BIRTH November 12, 1900
PLACE OF BIRTH Buczacz in Eastern Galicia
DATE OF DEATH after March 7, 1944
Place of death Warsaw