Pan-Asian Movement

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As Panasienbewegungen ( Panasiatismus or Panasianismus ) is called more, for competing makes policies both various Asian governments as well. T. oppositional intellectual. Although all these movements strive for intellectual and cultural renewal of the (respective) Asian nations, they only have in common their orientation against colonialist or neocolonialist influence of the Western powers or Russia as well as against unequal treaties .

Jewish Pan-Asianism

The Great Brotherhood of All Asia, propagated by the Austro-Hungarian and Israeli officer and writer Moscheh Ya'akov Ben-Gavriêl , was to unite Jews, Arabs, Indians, Chinese and Japanese in its third and final stage. But because of the Israeli-Arab conflict , neither the first stage (binational Jewish-Arab state Israel / Palestine) nor the second stage of pan-Semitism has been reached.

Japanese Pan-Asianism

The Japanese notions of pan-Asianism, on the other hand, were rather a means to an end in the struggle for allies and vassals, especially against the USA and Great Britain. The slogan “Asia for Asians” fell on fertile ground even in China during the Russo-Japanese War, despite the benevolent support of the Chinese government for Russia . Sun Yat-sen's socialism was initially just as influenced by this as the Korean Donghak movement of the late 19th century .

It was only shortly before the end of World War II in 1945 that the Japanese Empire promoted nationalist independence movements in Burma ( Aung San ), Indonesia ( Sukarno ), Vietnam ( Bảo Đại ), Laos , Cambodia ( Norodom Sihanouk ) against the allied colonial powers France , Great Britain and the Netherlands which in part turned against them soon after it had set up puppet governments ( Reorganized Government of the Republic of China , Manchukuo , Mengjiang ) in China, forced an alliance between Thailand and Japan in 1941, and an Indian Liberation Army (with Subhash Chandra Bose and the anti-allied counter-government on the Andamans ) and set them on the march (see also: Japan's puppet governments ).

Since 1935/36, the dominant military faction in Japan had long been that striving for a more nationalist Pan- Japaneseism, a confederation of Asian states under Japanese leadership (cf. Kokutai ). In it, Japan with its colonies in Korea , Taiwan and Manchukuo was to become the Greater East Asian sphere of prosperity . For other parts of East and Southeast Asia, only a role as a supply ( Indochina ) and defense (Indonesia) sphere was envisaged in these Greater Asia simulation games . China became the most bitter opponent.

Chinese Pan-Asianism

Chinese pan-Asianism set in again after the defeat of Japan and the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war , but was based on China's self-image towards Asia, which had already prevailed until mid-1886. Accordingly, until 1861 there was no need for a foreign ministry at all, because the subjugated barbarian peoples or Buddhist (and Confucianist) influenced neighbors were anyway subject to the great emperor who ruled the center of the world and were subject to tribute. If a people submitted, they were considered to belong to the Middle Kingdom (Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet).

In the 1960s, the communists then relied on the export of revolution , today on military and economic strength and role model function. In the discussion about an Asian interpretation of human rights and Asian values ​​in the fight against US cultural imperialism, it is playing or hoping to play a leading role on the continent. The most bitter opponent is therefore not Japan, but the USA.

Indian Pan-Asianism

Indian ideas of Pan-Asianism were more associated with the movement of the non- aligned or non-aligned . Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (also chairman of the Congress Party as Bose's successor ) promoted the Colombo states and Bandung conferences . Today the “largest democracy in the world” sees itself as a pioneer in Asia in its efforts to obtain a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and is (again) even supported by Japan.

On the South Asian subcontinent, however, Delhi claims a greater Indian hegemonic role not only against the former Indian "brother states" Pakistan (separated in 1947) and Bangladesh (which in turn split off from Pakistan in 1972), but also as far as Burma (until 1937 part of the British Empire of India), Afghanistan (until 1919 under British-Indian influence), Sri Lanka (intervention 1987-89) and the Maldives (intervention 1988). Above all in Tibet (1912–50 under British-Indian influence) and Nepal (since 1816 under Indian influence) India encountered and continues to encounter the rivalry of China.

Others

Pan- Mongolism , also known as the Eurasier movement , is not a form of Pan-Asianism . Instead, it is a form of Pan-Russianism , more precisely a demarcation from Pan-Slavism by emphasizing the Mongol-Tatar (Asian) heritage of Russia.

See also

literature

  • Sven Saaler and J. Victor Koschmann: Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History. London and New York, 2007
  • Sven Saaler: Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: A Preliminary Framework (Working Paper of the German Institute for Japanese Studies)

Web links