Pinus bhutanica
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Pinus bhutanica |
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| Grierson , DGLong & CNPage |
Pinus Bhutanica is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The natural range is in Bhutan, in the northeast of India and in the southwest of China. This species was first described in 1980, before the specimens were assigned to the species of teardrop pine ( Pinus wallichiana ). Pinus bhutanica is classified as "not endangered" inthe IUCN Red List .
description
Appearance
Pinus Bhutanica grows as evergreen and stature heights of up to 25 meters or more large tree . The trunk is straight and columnar and reaches a chest height diameter of up to 80 centimeters. The trunk bark of young trees and the bark of the branches is light gray-brown and smooth. The trunk bark of older trees is gray-brown and breaks into small scales, separated by shallow furrows, which flake off in small pieces. The branches are whirling , they are wide and curved. The higher-order branches are pendulous with the ends pointing upwards and form a narrow, conical, more or less open crown. The needled branches are brown, thin or strong. In the first year, young shoots have glandular hairs and white frosting, in the second year they have a thin, pale gray-green bark .
Buds and needles
The vegetative buds are ovoid-conical and somewhat resinous. Terminal buds are 10 to 15 millimeters long, the lateral ones are smaller and more ovate. The lower leaves are gray with an orange tint or light reddish brown.
The needles grow in groups of five in an early sloping, rarely only 1.8, usually 2 to 3 millimeter long, basal needle sheath made of delicate, orange-brown scales. The needles are pendulous, often only curved at the base and otherwise straight, very thin and flexible, rarely from 12, usually 15 to 24 and sometimes up to 28 centimeters long and 1 millimeter wide with a triangular cross-section. The edge of the needle is very finely sawn. The color of the needles is light green on the abaxial side and glaucous white on the adaxial side . The two adaxial sides have four to seven thin stomata lines . Three to four resin channels are formed near the surface. The needles stay on the tree for 1.5 to 2 years.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow spirally in small groups at the base of young shoots. The yellow pollen cones, which are 10 to 20 millimeters long and short cylindrical when ripe, are partially covered by eight to twelve permanent scale leaves.
The seed cones grow individually or in pairs up to six in whorls , initially erect and later hanging on strong, rarely from 1, usually 4 to 6 centimeters long stems. The cones are cylindrical with a length of 12 to 20 centimeters, usually slightly curved and have a closed diameter of 3 to 4 centimeters and mature and open diameters of 5 to 7 centimeters. They are usually resinous and fall off with the stem soon after the seeds are released. The 60 to 80 seed scales are matt red-brown, wedge-shaped, elongated, widest just below the apophysis , thinly woody and not very flexible. They have two indentations on the adaxial base which contain the seeds. The apophysis is rhombic, 1 to 1.5 inches long and 1.5 to 2.5 inches wide, slightly raised, bluntly keeled, with a more or less pointed end and light brown. The umbo is terminal and darker than the apophysis.
With a length of 6 to 8 millimeters and a diameter of 4 to 5 millimeters, the brown seeds are obovate and slightly flattened. The seed wing is gray-brown, permanent, 15 to 22 millimeters long and 7 to 10 millimeters wide.
Distribution, locations and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus bhutanica is in Bhutan , in the Kameng District in the northeast Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh , in the southeastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region and in the northwestern part of the Chinese province of Yunnan .
Of herbarium specimens can be seen on a variety of forest types include in which they occur, including forests of various species of pine, oak-pine forests, deciduous forests and secondary forests. It typically occurs with evergreen deciduous trees in humid mountain forests, but it grows best in slightly drier conditions. In western Bhutan and in western Kameng it is found together with the teardrop pine ( Pinus wallichiana ). In the Rong Chu Valley in China, it grows in pure stands on steep rocky slopes. There are no finds from Myanmar, but due to the known distribution area, stocks are also likely in Kachin . One finds Pinus Bhutanica from altitudes of 1000 meters in India at altitudes of 2,300 meters in Tibet. There are also reports of stocks at altitudes of 750 meters and at 2750 meters. The distribution area can probably be assigned to winter hardiness zone 8 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −12.1 to −6.7 ° Celsius (10 to 20 ° Fahrenheit ).
In the IUCN Red List of IUCN is Pinus Bhutanica as "not at risk" classified (= "Least Concern"). The populations in Bhutan, India and Tibet are hardly declining and at least 700 square kilometers are being settled (“area of occupancy”). Despite the rather rare occurrence, the stocks do not seem to be endangered by the use of wood, since stocks of Pinus wallichiana and Pinus roxburghii are easier to reach.
Systematics and research history
The first description of Pinus Bhutanica took place only in 1980 by Andrew Charles John Grierson , David Geoffrey Long and Christopher Nigel Page in Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh , Volume 38, Issue 2, page 299. The specific epithet bhutanica refers to the Bhutan, copies of this area were first described.
The species Pinus bhutanica belongs to the sub-section Strobus from the section Quinquefoliae in the sub-genus Strobus within the genus Pinus .
Specimens of the species Pinus bhutanica were previously assigned to the teardrop pine ( Pinus wallichiana ). Even herbal specimens of Pinus bhutanica could have been attributed to the teardrop pine, as the two species differ mainly in the appearance and shape of the young shoots that are not always collected. Pinus bhutanica has longer and more pendulous needles with a slightly different arrangement of the resin channels, the cones and the seeds are very similar. Some authors therefore count the populations of the species Pinus bhutanica as subspecies Pinus wallichiana subsp. bhutanica (Grierson, DGLong & CNPage) Businský to Pinus wallichiana .
use
Nothing is known about the use of the wood. Pinus bhutanica was introduced to the UK in 1979 and does well in both the south of England and Ireland. Despite its appealing appearance and graceful hanging needles, the culture of Pinus bhutanica is limited to botanical gardens and arboretums .
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 640-641 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 415-416 .
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 24 (English).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Christopher J. Earle: Pinus bhutanica. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, February 28, 2019, accessed on May 1, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 640
- ↑ a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 415
- ↑ a b c d Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus. : Pinus bhutanica Grierson et al. , P. 24 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 .
- ↑ a b c d James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 416
- ↑ a b Pinus bhutanica in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: D.Zhang, T.Katsuki, K.Rushforth, 2010. Retrieved on May 1 of 2019.
- ↑ Pinus bhutanica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved May 1, 2019.
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 609
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 641