Piyamaradu

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Piyamaradu (in German specialist literature often Pijamaradu ) was a nobleman, probably of Arzawian origin, and an opponent of the Hittites in the first half of the 13th century BC. He was possibly a renegade West Anatolian vassal of the Hittite Empire or the descendant of one. But it is also considered that he and his brother Laḫurzi were grandsons or sons of Uḫḫaziti , the last king of Arzawa . Piyamaradu had two daughters, one was married to Atpa , the governor of Aḫḫijawa in Millawanda , the other to Awayana, who was apparently also a high representative of Aḫḫijawa.

Apparently with at least partial support from Aḫḫijawa , he repeatedly raided western Anatolian regions, most of which were vassals of the Hittite Empire. Its activities took place at the time of the great Hittite kings Muwattalli II , Muršili III. and Ḫattušili III. instead of. A letter from Manapa-Taruunta to Muwattalli II and the Tawagalawa letter , which was probably written by Ḫattušili III, offer more extensive information about Piyamaradu . originates. Furthermore, Piyamaradu is mentioned in the so-called Milawata letter from the time of Tudhalija IV. In a section that possibly describes events in the past, as well as in a vow of Ḫattušili III. and Puduḫepa (KUB 56.15), in which the ruling couple prays that “the great sea” will deliver Piyamaradu. In the only very fragmentary preserved annals of Ḫattušilis III. the name Piyamaradu may appear, but the reading is controversial.

Among other things, Piyamaradu may attack Wilusa and occupy it. Manapa-Tarhunta, king of the Šeḫa river country, did not participate in an intervention by the Hittites, who moved through his territory to do so, although he would have been obliged to do so as a vassal. In his letter to Muwatalli II, he cites a serious illness as the reason. He also writes of a severe humiliation by Piyamaradu, which consisted in the fact that Piyamaradu put his son-in-law Atpa in front of him, which probably means that Manapa-Tarhunta was subordinate to him in the meantime, because Atpa was temporarily appointed by Piyamaradu as ruler / administrator of the Šeḫa river country was. Manapa-Tarhunta is also considered to suffer severe military defeat in an attempt to drive Piyamaradu out. The island of Lazpa ( Lesbos ), which at that time belonged to the possession or area of ​​influence of Še Einflussa , attacked Piyamaradu and kidnapped several Sarapitu , probably priests or craftsmen, after Itamar Singer purple dyers who were in the service of the King of Seḫa, but also of the Hittite great king stood, after Millawanda. Apparently he operated from the coastal town of Millawanda (very likely Miletus ), which at that time belonged to the domain of the king of Aḫḫijawa. Atpa, who is referred to as the governor of Millawanda in the later Tawagalawa letter and was married to a daughter of Piyamaradu, seems to have already played an active part in Piyamaradu's attack on Lesbos.

When Piyamaradu attacked the Lukka countries in Southwest Asia Minor some time later, probably already under the rule of Ḫattušili III. And destroyed the city of Attarimma (possibly Telmessos ), the Lukka called the Hittite great king, like Tawagalawa , their brother the king of Aḫḫijawa, to help. Piyamaradu agreed - at least he pretended to be - to submit to the Hittite king as a vassal if the latter would appoint him ruler of a country (the conquered part of the Lukka lands or another area of ​​western Lesser Asia). He demanded that the tuḫkanti (crown prince) be sent to him. When the great king then sent the tartenu to Piyamaradu, who was supposed to accompany him to negotiations with the Hittite great king, Piyamaradu rejected him abruptly and instead demanded to be appointed ruler immediately. Although tartenu can probably also mean “designated heir to the throne”, it is possible that a different person was sent to Piyamaradu than the latter requested, possibly another son of the great king. He and his brother Laḫurzi ambushed the great king at Ijalanda, where he was supposed to meet the Hittite king without his troops. This was able to achieve a victory with difficulty and Piyamaradu fled to Millawanda. Due to supply problems, the Great King and his army had to give up further pursuit. Due to a non-preserved letter from the king of Aḫḫijawa, which - at least the Hittite great king interpreted this letter without the usual gifts so - ordered Atpa to arrest Piyamaradu and deliver it to the Hittite great king on the border of Millawanda, the Hittite king went to Millawanda. When he got there, Piyamaradu with his people and 7,000 prisoners had fled across the Aegean islands on ships. The Hittite great king therefore tried to induce the king of Aḫḫijawa in the Tawagalawa letter, which describes the recent events in its surviving part, to extradite Piyamaradu or at least to ensure that he did not take any action against the areas controlled by Aḫḫijawa the Hittite Empire does more.

The further fate of Piyamaradu is not known, also not whether it actually came to an extradition by the king of Aḫḫijawa. A mention of Piyamaradu in the Milawata letter (CTH 182), most likely written by Tudḫalija IV, is too fragmented to understand.

literature

  • Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer : Investigations on Piyamaradu (Part 1). In: Orientalia NOVA SERIES, Volume 52, No. 1, Annelies Kammenhuber Festschrift March 19, 1982. GBPress, Rome 1983, pp. 81-97
  • Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer: Investigations on Piyamaradu (Part 2). In: Orientalia NOVA SERIES, Vol. 55, No. 1 , 1986, pp. 47-62.
  • Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer: Pijamaradu. In: Dietz Otto Edzard , Michael P. Streck (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Aräologie . Volume 10, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2003-2005, ISBN 978-3-11-018535-5 , pp. 561-562.
  • Harry A. Hoffner : Letters from the Hittite Kingdom. Society of Biblical Literature, Houston 2009, pp. 293-296 (Manapa-Tarhunta letter), pp. 296-313 (Tawagalaawa letter) - each with translations of the documents.
  • Jared L. Miller: A King of Ḫatti and a King of Aḫḫijawa (the so-called Tawagalawa letter). In: TUAT . New series, Volume 3, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2006, pp. 240–247. online as PDF
  • Gary M. Beckman , Trevor Bryce , Eric H. Cline : The Ahhiyawa Texts. (= Writings from the Ancient World. 28). Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2011, pp. 101-122 (AhT 4, Tawagalawa letter), pp. 140-144 (AhT 7, Manapa-Tarḫunta letter). ISBN 978-1-58983-268-8 .
  • Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer , Elisabeth Rieken (ed.): The "Tawagalawa letter": Complaints about Piyamaradu. A new edition (= Studies on Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology, Vol 13). , De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2019. ISBN 9783110581164

Remarks

  1. For this discussion s. Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer , Elisabeth Rieken (ed.): The "Tawagalawa letter": Complaints about Piyamaradu. A new edition (= Studies on Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology, Vol 13). , De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2019, p. 1 (with documents).
  2. For the Tawagalawa letter, including a translation, and its chronological order see Jared L. Miller: A King of Ḫatti and a King of Aḫḫijawa (the so-called Tawagalawa letter). In: TUAT New Series Volume 3, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2006, pp. 240–247.
  3. ^ Wolfgang Röllig : Achaeans and Trojans in Hittite sources? In: Ingrid Gamer-Wallert (Ed.): Troia. Bridge between Orient and Occident. Tübingen 1992, p. 191.
  4. Max Gander: Piyamaradu in the annals of Hattusilis III.? Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (NABU) 2016/3, pp. 111–114. ( online at Academia.edu )
  5. To be careful with the interpretation of the passage that Piyamaradu had attacked Wilusa, which is often held in research, warns Trevor Bryce : The Trojans & Their Neighbors. Routledge, London / New York 2006, p. 184.
  6. Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer: Has the identity of Ilios with Wiluša been finally proven? In: Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. 45, 2004, p. 37.
  7. ^ Gary M. Beckman, Trevor R. Bryce , Eric H. Cline : The Ahhiyawa Texts. (= Writings from the Ancient World. 28). Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2011, p. 143: refer to Atpa as the “ de facto ruler” of Šeḫa for this period .
  8. so z. B. Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier : Greece and Asia Minor in the late Bronze Age. The historical background of the Homeric epics. In: Michael Meier-Brügger (Ed.): Homer, interpreted by a large lexicon. Files from the Hamburg Colloquium from 6.-8. October 2010 at the end of the lexicon of the early Greek epic (= treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. New series. Volume 21). de Gruyter, 2012, p. 165; Carol G. Thomas, Craig Conant: The Trojan War. University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, p. 138. See also Trevor Bryce: The Trojans & Their Neighbors. Routledge, London / New York 2006, p. 184.
  9. ^ Itamar Singer: Purple-Dyers in Lazpa. In: BJ Collins, MR Bachvarova, IC Rutherford (eds.): Anatolian Interfaces. Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbors. Proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction, September 17-19, 2004, Emory University, Atlanta. Oxbow Books, Oxford 2008, pp. 21–43 ( online as PDF ). Cf., following this: Hoffner 2009, p. 294.
  10. for the not undisputed but largely accepted dating of the Tawagalawa letter, which describes the events in the Lukka countries in the surviving part, there are substantive and palaeographic reasons according to Miller 2006, p. 241
  11. ^ Penelope A. Mountjoy: The East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age, Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa. In: Anatolian Studies . 48, 1998, p. 58.
  12. on this in detail Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer , Elisabeth Rieken (ed.): The "Tawagalawa letter": Complaints about Piyamaradu. A new edition (= Studies on Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology, Vol 13). , De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2019, pp. 70–76 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).