Tawagalawa

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Tawagalawa (also Tawakalawa ) is the name of the brother of a king of Aḫḫijawa in Hittite spelling. A letter from the Hittite great king, probably Ḫattušili III, was sent to his brother, who was not named . (approx. 1266–1236 BC), addressed, which is referred to as the Tawagalawa letter and in which, among other things, the delivery of Pijamaradu is demanded. More recent research suggests that Tawagalawa himself was king of Aḫḫijawa, but had already died at the time the letter was written, or that he had a dual kingship with his brother .

Sources

The only reliable information on Tawagalawa is provided by the so-called Tawagalawa letter ( KUB 14.3; CTH 181), a letter from the Hittite great king to the king of Aḫḫijawa, which is much discussed in the professional world . Both ruler's names have not been preserved. Remnants of the likely draft of this letter were discovered in the archives of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša and edited by Emil Forrer in the early 1920s. Only the third of a likely total of three panels has survived. This is partly in a bad state of preservation and has some gaps, which is why the text is difficult to understand in various places and some translations are controversial. In addition, there is a fragment (KUB 23.93), which probably also belonged to the letter and then comes from one of the otherwise lost first two plates. For content and palaeographical reasons, the majority of researchers wrote the letter to the Hittite great king Ḫattušili III. attributed, but it cannot be completely ruled out that he was still from his predecessor Muršili III. originates.

Surname

Forrer already assumed that Tawagalawa was the hethitizing spelling of an early form of the Greek name Eteokles, which he reconstructed as * Etewoklewes . This theory remained very controversial for a long time and it was u. a. strongly contradicted by Ferdinand Sommer . After Linear B texts from the palace of Pylos (beginning of the 12th century BC) have actually proven an early Greek form of Etewoklewe and the identification of the country Aḫḫijawa with Greece has been substantiated, Forrer's interpretation is now accepted by almost all scholars .

Information on Tawagalawa

Tawagalawa is the brother of the king of Aḫḫijawa, an empire west of the Hittites that can most likely be equated with a Mycenaean state. Some new discoveries or reinterpretations have led many researchers to accept Boeotian Thebes as the capital of Aḫḫijawa. Tawagalawa evidently had good relations with the Hittite court and was of high rank; Among other things, the letter recalls that he once rode in the wagon together with the royal charioteer, who was of high rank and married to a woman from the Grand Queen's family. Due to attacks by the Pijamaradu on the Lukka lands (in southwest Asia Minor ), the Lukka lands appealed to both Tawagalawa and the Hittite great king for help. It is not completely clear whether Tawagalawa was at that time in the part of western Asia Minor, which was ruled by Aḫḫijawa - z. B. in Millawanda (very likely Miletus ) - stayed, which is much more likely, or came from Greece. Since Atpa , who was also the son-in-law of Pijamaradu through the marriage of one of his daughters, is certainly attested as governor of Millawanda, Tawagalawa must have performed a different function when he resided in Millawanda. Pijamaradu fled to Millawanda after he and his brother had lured the Hittites into an ambush near Ijalanda (possibly Alinda in Caria ). From there he was supposed to be arrested, presumably by order of the king of Aḫḫijawa, and handed over to the Hittite great king. However, Pijamaradu managed to escape across the sea before the Hittite great king arrived in Millawanda.

It is striking and very unusual that Tawagalawa is referred to as "brother" by the Hittite great king. Usually only physical brothers or kings of other states who were regarded as equal, such as the rulers of Egypt or Babylonia, were addressed as brothers by the Hittite great kings, as Forrer pointed out. The fact that Tawagalawa was the biological brother of the Hittite king can be ruled out, and it is very unlikely that he was titled as a “brother” only out of respect. On the other hand, there is no indication that Tawagalawa was ruler of another empire that was at least as important from the Hittite point of view as Aḫḫijawa - whose great king is also referred to as "brother". One possible explanation is a passage in the Tawagalawa letter (I, 71-73), which is very controversial in its translation, which Heinhold-Krahmer interprets to mean that Tawagalawa was once king of Aḫḫijawa himself. Other researchers followed suit. According to this, Tagawalawa and his brother either had a double kingship over Aḫḫijawa or Tawagalawa was replaced as king by his brother, but, if he had not died at the time the letter was written, held a very high office and resided in the part of western Asia Minor controlled by Aḫḫijawa, probably Millawanda. As evidence for this thesis, Alparslan cites the fragment KUB 23.93, in which both the (unknown) addressee and his (presumably biological) brother are possibly referred to as "brother" by the Hittite great king. However, it is still unclear whether this fragment belongs to the Tawagalawa letter.

Literature (chronological)

  • Emil O. Forrer : Prehomeric Greeks in the cuneiform texts of Boghazköi. (= Communications from the German Orient Society in Berlin . Volume 63). 1924, pp. 1-24, especially pp. 9-15. (on-line)
  • Hans Gustav Güterbock : Who was Tawagalawa? In: Orientalia. Vol. 59, 1990, pp. 157-165.
  • Wolfgang Röllig : Achaeans and Trojans in Hittite Sources? In: Ingrid Gamer-Wallert (Ed.): Troia. Bridge between Orient and Occident. Attempto Verlag, Tübingen 1992, pp. 183-200.
  • Metin Alparslan: Some thoughts on the Ahhiyawa question. In: A. Süel (Ed.): Acts of the Vth Congress of Hittitology. Corum September 02-08 , 2002. Buasım Takihi, Ankara 2005, pp. 33–41, especially pp. 34–38 (mainly deals with some detailed questions about the Tawagalawa letter).
  • Jared L. Miller : A king from Ḫatti to a king from Aḫḫijawa (the so-called Tawagalawa letter). In: TUAT . New episode Volume 3, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2006, pp. 240–247. (online as PDF)
  • Jared L. Miller: Some disputed passages in the Tawagalawa Letter. In: Itamar Singer (Ed.): Ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis. Luwian and Hittite studies presented to J. David Hawkins on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archeology, Tel Aviv 2010, pp. 159–169.
  • Harry A. Hoffner, Jr .: Letters from the Hittite Kingdom. Society of Biblical Literature, Houston 2009, pp. 296-313.
  • Gary M. Beckman, Trevor R. Bryce , Eric H. Cline : The Ahhiyawa Texts (= Writings from the Ancient World 28). Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2011, ISBN 978-1-58983-268-8 , pp. 101-122.
  • Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer , Elisabeth Rieken (ed.): The "Tawagalawa letter": Complaints about Piyamaradu. A new edition. (= Studies on Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology. Vol. 13). de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2019, ISBN 978-3-11-058116-4 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Robert Fischer: The Aḫḫijawa question. With an annotated bibliography. Harrassowitz, 2010, p. 54.
  2. ↑ The complete translation was not published by Forrer until 1929 in Emil Forrer: Research I / 2. Berlin 1929, published
  3. ↑ For more information, see Takihi 2005, p. 37 f. (with further documents)
  4. ↑ Miller 2006, p. 241.
  5. ↑ Forrer 1924, p. 9 f.
  6. ↑ John Chadwick : The Mycenaean World. Reclam, Stuttgart 1979, p. 89.
  7. ^ Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier : Greece and Asia Minor in the late Bronze Age. The historical background of the Homeric epics. In: Michael Meier-Brügger (Ed.): Homer, interpreted by a large lexicon. Files from the Hamburg Colloquium from 6.-8. October 2010 at the end of the lexicon of the early Greek epic (= treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. New series. Volume 21). de Gruyter, 2012, p. 153, note 124, who only lists the ancient orientalist Gerd Steiner , who sticks to another ( Luwian ) derivation.
  8. ↑ See last on Ahhijawa and Thebes Klaus Tausend: Comments on the identification of the Ahhijawa. In: Gustav Adolf Lehmann , Dorit Engster, Alexander Nuss (eds.): From Bronze Age history to modern antiquity. (= Syngramma. Vol. 1). Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2012, pp. 145–156 (its reproduction of the Tawagalwa letter, however, differs considerably in part from the translations published in the last three decades and apparently follows the much older ones that are now considered unlikely).
  9. ↑ Alexander Herda: Karkiša-Karien and the so-called Ionian migration. In: Frank Rumscheid (Ed.): The Karer and the Others. Habelt, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7749-3632-4 (International Colloquium at the Free University of Berlin, October 2005), p. 54; see also Max Gander: The geographic relations of the Lukka countries . Texts of the Hittites, 27 (2010), p. 197.
  10. ↑ Forrer 1924, p. 10 f.
  11. ↑ Alparslan 2005, p. 27 with reference to the three theoretically possible explanations in Güterbock 1990.
  12. ^ Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer : Investigations on Piyamaradu. In: Orientalia. Volume 55, p. 54 f.
  13. ↑ u. a. Hans Gustav Güterbock: Who was Tawagalawa? In: Orientalia. Volume 59, 1990, pp. 164f .; Alparslan 2005, p. 37 f.
  14. ↑ Miller 2006, p. 241 indicates this possibility.
  15. ↑ Alparslan 2005, p. 37 f.
personal data
SURNAME Tawagalawa
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Brother of a king of Achijawa
DATE OF BIRTH 14th century BC BC or 13th century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 13th century BC Chr.