preceptor
Preceptor (also praezeptor and praeceptor , from Latin "praeceptum" = regulation, teaching) was the name for the teacher in the Middle Ages and in the early modern times , especially for the private tutor .
In the 18th and 19th centuries, however, it was also used to designate the teacher of Latin schools and the lower grades of grammar schools and other higher schools, so that once a tutor was referred to, a more respected position than that of a court master , also synonymous with private tutor, was indicated. For example, princely educators who accompanied princely children to the university or on educational trips, such as B. Johann Gottfried Herder or Justus Georg Schottelius , also called a preceptor.
"Praeceptor Germaniae" was an honorary title for Hrabanus Maurus and Philipp Melanchthon and in the chess world for Siegbert Tarrasch .
Johannes Orth referred to his teacher and predecessor Rudolf Virchow in 1855 not only as "Praezeptor Germaniae", but even as "Praezeptor orbis terrarum". The Transylvanian-Saxon schoolboy and polymath Johannes Honterus was called "Praeceptor Saxonum".
In many Danube Swabian communities at the beginning of the 19th century there was a two-class trivial school with a full-fledged teacher and a sub-teacher who was also referred to as a preceptor. In the course of time, the hierarchy of senior teacher or schoolmaster , who was usually also a cantor , teacher, junior teacher and preceptor (teacher assistant), according to which the payment was based.
The preceptor in literature
In the 19th century, Theodor Fontane dedicated a chapter in Cécile to the Preceptor Rodenstein, whose precarious social position is treated here in a semi-ironic manner with a slight hint of social criticism: The Emeritus explains there: “But not every teacher is a Preceptor. The nomination of mine (he is already in his high seventies) dates back to a time when the village schoolmasters were given the extra title of preceptor if the village was missing a pastor. At least in our Braunschweig area. This then indicated that the person concerned was of a certain higher order and both entitled and obliged to read the Gospel to the congregation Sunday after Sunday or even a sermon from a sermon book. "
When his eyes got worse, instead of reading sermons, this preceptor preached himself and thus on the one hand exceeded his competencies and on the other hand contributed to significantly increasing church attendance. After years of this activity, he reports himself, but is neither reprimanded nor confirmed in his preaching position, so that he decides to submit his departure.
The preceptor as head of the monastery
In the hospital order of the Antonites , founded in 1095, the head of the monastery was referred to as a preceptor, also known as the general president .
literature
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinz Otremba: Rudolf Virchow. Founder of cellular pathology. A documentation. Echter-Verlag, Würzburg 1991, pp. 40f.
- ^ Walter König: Johannes Honterus - praeceptor Saxonum. In: Walter König: Schola seminarium rei publicae. Essays on the past and present of the school system in Transylvania and Romania (= Transylvanian Archive. 38), Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1996.
- ↑ Ingomar Senz : Donauschwäbische Geschichte, Volume 2: Economic Autarky and Political Alienation 1806 to 1918 (Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung; Vol. 64). Universitas Verlag, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-8004-1347-7 .