Psinomani culture

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With Psinomani culture (Psinomani culture or Psinomani complex) a predominantly only is archaeologically tangible culture called that existed between about 1000 and 1750 and for the first time in 1964 for Minnesota described. Artifacts of this culture have meanwhile also been found in Wisconsin , North Dakota , in the northwest of the Canadian province of Ontario , in south-central Manitoba and in east-central Saskatchewan . It was a late phase of the Woodland culture and followed the Blackduck phase around 1000 .

Surname

The name comes from the Dakota language and means something like 'wild rice collector'. The earlier name Wanikan, on the other hand, is an Ojibwa word and means 'pit', 'hole in the earth'. Since Dakota - Nakota and Ojibwa were often opponents in their history, the name, perceived as a foreign name, was changed.

Mark

One expression of the Psinomani culture is the Sandy Lake ware , pottery that is assigned to the culture as well as accessible burial mounds and - also as mounds - round, conical hills with shallow burial pits. The following are also characteristic: initial crouching of the dead with death vessels, small triangular projectile points , often made of quartz , devices for processing rice such as threshing pits, rubbish mounds (middens) and small seasonal camps mostly on lakes, as well as wild rice as a stock plant.

However, this description only applies to the area in which wild rice grows and in which certain burial practices were common. The Sandy Lake- type crockery appears further north , but there are no traces of rice processing, which does not flourish or flourishes there poorly. This could point to seasonal migrations to the north, but possibly also to adaptations of groups remaining there, which nevertheless belonged to the Psinomani culture. Taylor-Hollings suggested assigning the pottery to the Lake Benton phase as a transition phase of the Middle / Late Woodland pottery . It is found in Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa and was made between 700 and 1200. Similarities also exist with the St. Croix onamia pottery found in central Minnesota.

Law on the Protection and Return of Grave Finds and Ethnic Classifications

Since the Sandy Lake pottery was also known to the first Europeans who came into contact with the local tribes, the Sandy Lake connects with the southern Dakota in Minnesota and the Nakota (Assiniboine) in the more northern areas.

The question of the ethnic allocation of the Psinomani culture is of great importance for archaeologists, if only because the corresponding groups have a right to return the artefacts of their ancestors in accordance with US law ( NAGPRA ). This is especially true of human remains. The consequences can be seen in Minnesota, for example. In 1950 human remains of 28 individuals were found in Brown's Mounds (called Eck Mounds) in Hennepin County , and as early as 1940 six at the Huber Mound site , Scott County . The find from 1950 was assigned by the excavator to the Late Woodland-Kathio phase , which spanned approximately the period between 900 and 1300, and thus belongs to the Psinomani culture, to which the Dakota can be traced. In 1938, the remains of 19 people were excavated at the Fingerson Mound site , located in Pope County , and another ten at the Bartke Mound Group , also in Pope County , in the same year . Similar to 1964 at the Steele Mounds ( Shakopee Mounds ), Scott County, where no remains were found, but 54 additions which, according to NAGPRA guidelines, must also be reburied on request. In 1951 there were 23 individuals that were discovered at the McKee site , Washington County , in 1960 37 individuals at the Crookston site , Polk County , in 1950 an individual find in Crow Wing County , already in 1905 one at the Phelp's Island site , in 1934 18 individuals in the Round Mound, Traverse County .

Allocation to a certain culture is possible, but hardly to an existing tribe. All of these finds can be associated with the following tribes: the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota , the Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska , the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota , the Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota , the Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe of North Dakota , the Prairie Island Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota , the Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota , the Shakopee Dakota Community of Minnesota and the Upper Sioux Indian Community of the Upper Sioux Reservation .

literature

  • Patrick S. Young: An Analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics from Peter Pond Lake, Saskatchewan , Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 2006.
  • María Nieves Zedeño, Robert Christopher Basaldú: Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota . Native American Cultural Affiliation and Traditional Association Study, April 30, 2004, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Douglas A. Birk: Sandy Lake Ware , in: S. Anfinson (Ed.): A Handbook for Minnesota Prehistoric Ceramics , Minnesota Archaeological Society, Fort Snelling 1979, pp. 175-182, here: p. 175.
  2. ^ Leland R. Cooper, Eldon Johnson: Sandy Lake Ware and its Distribution , in: American Antiquity 29/4 (1964) 474-479.
  3. ^ Jill Taylor-Hollings: The Northwestern Extent of Sandy Lake Ware: A Canadian Perspective , Thesis, ms., Department of Archeology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 1999.
  4. ↑ Guy Gibbon: Cultures of the Upper Mississippi River Valley and Adjacent Prairies in Iowa and Minnesota , in: Karl S. Schleiser (Ed.): Plains Indians, AD 500-1500 The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups , University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1994, pp. 128-148, here: p. 146.
  5. ^ Jill Taylor-Hollings: The Northwestern Extent of Sandy Lake Ware: A Canadian Perspective , Thesis, ms., Department of Archeology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 1999, p. 84.
  6. ^ Jill Taylor-Hollings: The Northwestern Extent of Sandy Lake Ware: A Canadian Perspective , Thesis, ms., Department of Archeology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon 1999, p. 123.
  7. ↑ Scott Anfinson (Ed.): Southwestern Minnesota Archeology: 12,000 Years in the Prairie Lake Region , Minnesota Prehistoric Archeology Series No. 14, Minnesota Archaeological Society, St. Paul 1997, p. 75.
  8. ↑ Guy Gibbon: Cultures of the Upper Mississippi River Valley and Adjacent Prairies in Iowa and Minnesota , in: Karl S. Schleiser (Ed.): Plains Indians, AD 500-1500 The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups , University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1994, pp. 128-148.
  9. ↑ Desperately Seeking Siouans: The Distribution of Sandy Lake Ware , in: The Western Canadian Anthropologist 4 (1987) 57-64, here: p. 57.
  10. ^ Notice from the National Park Service dated April 20, 1998