Pulmotor

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"Ur-Pulmotor" from 1907

The Pulmotor is an emergency ventilator that was invented and patented in 1907 by Johann Heinrich Dräger (1847–1917), the founder of the Drägerwerk company , and further developed as a product line by Bernhard Dräger. The impetus for the invention was the necessity of ventilation for gas poisoning. Pulmotoren have been produced since 1908 and are recommended for miners who have had an accident , for help in electrical accidents or drowned people . The Pulmotor or its principle was used in a modified form in various ventilation devices well into the 20th century. A ventilation machine for children developed from the Pulmotor was initially the Dräger Baby Pulmotor and in 1975 the Babylog 1 , from which other respirators in the Babylog series emerged .

Functionality and types

The Pulmotor was a device for ventilation using a mask that generated positive pressure for inhalation and negative pressure for subsequent exhalation (alternating pressure ventilation). It obtained its drive energy from the oxygen in a pressurized gas cylinder , which also served as a drug. It was originally housed in portable wooden boxes, but was also attached to tripods and wall brackets.

The “Ur-Pulmotor” was a time-controlled ventilator; the switch between inhalation and exhalation was permanently taken over by a clockwork. This type of control, which was difficult to adapt to the patient's lung conditions and in this form did not correspond to the findings of the time, was replaced by pressure control from around 1917 : the switch to exhalation was made dependent on reaching a certain ventilation pressure . At the same time, by separating the inhalation and exhalation path close to the patient, rebreathing of carbon dioxide , which had previously been a disadvantage , was avoided. In 1910, the "Dräger breathing machine type MOA", which already had simple breathing gas humidification, implemented the pulmotor principle with a switching mechanism containing a control bellows. The "lung gymnastics apparatus type MS-A" that followed in 1913, in which the breathing phases were switched via a pedal, was also used in the operating theater. In 1955 the design of the Pulmotor was changed again. While the control principle remained the same, the mechanics could be relocated to a more compact, so-called “Pulmotor box”, which made it possible to use it close to the patient. Up to this point in time, the inhaled gas was partially enriched with carbon dioxide in order to increase the patient's respiratory drive; an obsolete approach from today's perspective . Instead, a suction device has now been added to the devices .

By poliomyelitis -Epidemien in the period after the Second World War, the demand increased by ventilators; the iron lung established itself. Both forms of alternating or negative pressure ventilation were abandoned in favor of pure positive pressure ventilation, in which the Danish anesthetist Björn Ibsen played a decisive role. With the advent of endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy as well as the development towards electrically or electronically controlled ventilators, the Pulmotor lost its importance. Modern ventilators are controlled and monitored by microprocessors .

Spread and Achievements

By 1946, over 12,000 Pulmotoren were in use. According to a book from that time, the device could be used with success in 60% of all luminous gas poisoning in which it was used. As a result of increasing industrialization, there was an increase in electricity and gas accidents, including those involving carbon monoxide and mine gases . According to a publication from 1942, the use in the German mining industry between 1929 and 1937 was successful in 293 of 586 people treated. The combination with the more quickly applicable manual ventilation method according to Sylvester-Brosch has improved the patient's prognosis. The device was also used by the fire brigades, steelworks, in the sea ​​emergency service and in the chemical industry .

literature

  • Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. A hundred years of mechanical ventilation. Dräger Medical AG, Lübeck 2009. PDF, 109 pages; 5 MB ( Memento from January 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  • Wilhelm Haase-Lampe, Karl Thiel: Pulmotor: oxygen resuscitation machine for artificial ventilation. History and criticism, application and successes . 1st German-language edition. Antäus-Verlag, Lübeck 1946, DNB  451747615 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. A hundred years of mechanical ventilation. , P. 8. (Foreword by Stefan Dräger) Dräger Medical AG, Lübeck 2009
  2. GS Bause: Draeger Pulmotor. In: Anesthesiology. Volume 110, number 6, June 2009, ISSN  1528-1175 , p. 1243, doi : 10.1097 / 01.anes.0000352146.11672.1f , PMID 19461295 .
  3. Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. The history of mechanical ventilation. Drägerwerk, Lübeck 2014, p. 28 f. and 48 ff.
  4. Heinrich F. Becker (Ed.): Non-invasive ventilation: 3 tables, p. 1 . Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-13-137852-2 . Online: limited preview in Google Book search
  5. Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. A hundred years of mechanical ventilation. , Pp. 10, 20, 21. Dräger Medical AG, Lübeck 2009
  6. Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. A hundred years of mechanical ventilation. , P. 12. Dräger Medical AG, Lübeck 2009
  7. Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. A hundred years of mechanical ventilation. Dräger Medical AG, Lübeck 2009; Pp. 14-16 and 28 f.
  8. Ernst Bahns: It all started with the Pulmotor. A hundred years of mechanical ventilation. , P. 26. Dräger Medical AG, Lübeck 2009
  9. ^ Wilhelm Haase-Lampe, Karl Thiel: Pulmotor: Oxygen resuscitation machine for artificial ventilation. History and criticism, application and successes, p. 61 ff. P. 28 ff. 1st German-language edition. Antäus-Verlag, Lübeck 1946, DNB  451747615 .