Roman ghetto
The Roman Ghetto was a closed area in Rome in which the city's Jews had been obliged to live since 1555.
history
There was a Jewish community in Rome since pre-Christian times. The area where most of the Jews lived was on the left bank of the Tiber , roughly between the Capitol , the Tiber Island and Largo Argentina .
Pope Paul III officially recognized the Sephardi who fled Portugal as a result of the Alhambra Edict and the Jews who immigrated to the Papal States as Universitas hebraeorum portugallensum and granted them the right to live in Rome and Ancona , as had the Levantine immigrants and the Jews expelled from Naples in 1541 . A separate enclosed living area for the Jews, the ghetto (named after Venice 's district of the same name ), was set up in 1555 by Pope Paul IV on the basis of the bull Cum nimis absurdum . High walls with initially only two gates, which were locked at night, were drawn around the area on the banks of the Tiber. The walls were built under the direction of the architect Giovanni Sallustio Peruzzi and cost 300 Roman scudi , which had to be raised by the Jewish community.
The wall began at the Ponte Fabricio , led over the portico of Octavia , over the Via del Portico d'Ottavia to the Piazza Giudea and then ran along the Vicolo Cenci to the Tiber. The area, which was often flooded by the floods of the Tiber, was around 3 hectares in size and already hopelessly overpopulated with 3,500 inhabitants at the time of Sixtus V.
With the growing number of inhabitants, the ghetto was gradually expanded, the number of gates increased, under Sixtus V there were five, in the 19th century nine gates. At the beginning of the 19th century the ghetto had about 10,000 inhabitants, making it one of the largest in Europe.
It was dissolved in 1870 as the last of the Western European ghettos when Italian troops fighting against the Papal States occupied Rome in the course of the Risorgimento . The building in which the five scole ( synagogues ) of the ghetto were located was destroyed.
literature
From the extensive literature in a chronologically sorted selection:
- Ferdinand Gregorovius : The Ghetto and the Jews in Rome (1853). In: ders .: Wanderjahre in Italien, Vol. 1. 2nd increased edition, Brockhaus, Leipzig 1864, pp. 54–128 (digitized from Google Books ).
- Abraham Berliner : History of the Jews in Rome. From the oldest time to the present (2050 years). 2 vols. Frankfurt am Main 1893 (digitized version) .
- Paul Rieger : History of the Jews in Rome. Vol. 2: 1420-1870. Mayer & Müller, Berlin 1895 (digitized version) .
- Attilio Milano: Il ghetto di Roma. Illustrazioni storiche. Rome 1964, reprinted 1988.
- Carla Benocci, Enrico Guidoni: Atlante storico delle città italiane. Volume: Roma, Part 2: Il Ghetto. Grafis, Bologna 1993.
- Kenneth Stow: Theater of Acculturation. The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century. Seattle 2001 (preview on Google Books ).
- Thomas Brechenmacher : The Vatican and the Jews. History of an Unholy Relationship from the 16th Century to the Present. Beck, Munich 2005 (preview on Google Books) , overview of the reviews on Perlentaucher .
- Kenneth Stow: Jewish Life in Early Modern Rome. Challenge, Conversion, and Private Life. Ashgate, Aldershot et al. 2007.
- Thomas V. Cohen: Review. In: The Catholic History Review. Vol. 95, 2009, No. 2, p. 342 f.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Robert Bonfil: Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles 1994, p. 179.
- ^ Carlo Pietrangeli : Sant'Angelo. Guide rionali di Roma. Fratelli Palombi, Rome 1976, p. 42.
- ^ Carlo Pietrangeli: Sant'Angelo. Guide rionali di Roma. Fratelli Palombi, Rome 1976, p. 44.