Cum nimis absurdum

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pressure the bull

Cum nimis absurdum is a July 14, 1555 by Pope Paul IV. Promulgated papal bull , the living conditions of Jews in the Papal States governed. One of the most important concrete effects was the establishment of the Roman ghetto . Before these restrictions, many Jews from the Papal States fled to other states where comparable regulations did not yet exist.

Like all papal documents, the bull is quoted after the incipit , i.e. after the opening words:

"Cum nimis absurdum et inconveniens existat, ut Iudaei, quos propria culpa perpetuae servituti submisit [...]"

"Since it is extremely inappropriate and inappropriate that the Jews, who have condemned their own offense to eternal bondage [...]"

meaning

The bull is understood in connection with the principle of the papacy's dual protectorate over the Jews, which expresses the one-sided weighting of papal Jewish policy since the Reformation and Counter-Reformation .

According to another view, the bull is directed against the expression of social superiority of Jews over Christians. The reason was the fact that Jews "not only lived in the immediate vicinity of Christians and their churches, but also rented houses in upmarket residential areas, bought and owned them, and hired wet nurses and other Christians as servants". You thus prove the early modern anti-Judaism .

content

The bull contains an introduction and 15 instructions:

Introduction:

“Since it is utterly inappropriate and inappropriate that the Jews, who have condemned their own offenses to eternal bondage, on the pretext that Christian mercy must accept them and endure living with them, should be so ungrateful to Christians that they should Instead of rewarding them with gratitude with insult and claiming domination over them - instead of the bondage they owe them - we lay, which we recently learned, that these very Jews in our benevolent city and in some cities, countries and places of the Holy Roman Church have become so insolent that they not only mingle among the Christians and live near their churches without a distinctive difference in clothing, but that they even have houses in the more elegant areas and alleys of cities, countries and places, in which they live, rent, buy and own real estate, nannies, housemaids and other Christian servants as day wages hiring and committing various others to the shame and contempt of the Christian name, taking into account the fact that the Roman Church tolerates these Jews as a witness of the true Christian faith and for the purpose that they, attracted by mercy and Goodness of the Apostolic See finally recognize their errors and strive to arrive at the true light of the Catholic faith, therefore insist that as long as they persist in their mistakes, as a result, they recognize that they themselves are servants, whereas Christians through Jesus Christ , our God and Lord, have been instituted as free people, and that it is wrong for the children of a free mother to serve the children of a maidservant, in the will, as far as we can take care of the foregoing with God, in this constitution of ours, which is eternal should apply, unbreakably firmly: [...] "

Arrangements:

  1. Jews are only allowed to settle in assigned quarters, city districts and specially marked streets. These residential areas should be separated from those of the Christians and only accessible through one entrance.
  2. The Jews are only allowed to own a single synagogue within their residential area. The construction of new synagogues is prohibited. All other synagogues have to be demolished and property sold.
  3. The Jewish population is ordered that men must wear a clearly visible hat of a certain color and women must wear another distinctive piece of clothing of the same color. They are not allowed to obtain an ecclesiastical exemption from this, not even from the highest papal authorities. The color is indicated in the text as glauci coloris , which means blue-green. The color name was obviously unclear, Pope Pius V set it to yellow in 1566.
  4. Jews are not allowed to employ Christian servants, nurses or wet nurses.
  5. Neither they nor their employees are allowed to work on Christian holidays and Sundays.
  6. You must not press Christians, especially not with bogus promissory notes and contracts.
  7. You are not allowed to play, eat or even maintain friendships with Christians.
  8. In their account books they are only allowed to use the Latin or Italian language and script for the accounts of Christians, otherwise they cannot use these documents in court.
  9. Such Jewish traders are not allowed to supply grain or other essential goods. The exception is the rag trade.
  10. Jewish doctors are not allowed to treat Christians even if specifically requested.
  11. Even Christian beggars are not allowed to call you masters.
  12. The Jews have to settle their loans to the exact day, not according to the commenced months. Pledges may only be sold after 18 months. Additional proceeds must be paid to the pledgee.
  13. Jews are subject to the legislation of their respective place of residence , which is also disadvantageous to them.
  14. In the event of a violation, they are to be adequately punished. The offense of lese majesty can also be brought against them.
  15. All previous papal regulations, other instructions and laws to the contrary are repealed by this bull.

effect

The decree destroyed the richly differentiated Jewish community life in the Papal States. As a result, ghettos were also set up in many smaller towns in the Papal States , for example in Urbino , Pesaro or Senigallia . In 1569, however, Pope Pius V ordered in the Bull Hebraeorum gens that Jews in the Papal States were only allowed to live in the ghettos of Rome and Ancona ; all other ghettos were dissolved. Some of its inhabitants moved to one of the two remaining ghettos, and some left the Papal States.

On January 15, 1775, Pope Pius VI. an Editto sopra gli Ebrei , which summarized all Jewish laws of the Papal States that had been passed since Cum nimis absurdum . Unlike the encyclical of Benedict XIV of June 1751, which emphasized the protection of Jews from Christians, the edict of 1775 again placed emphasis on the protection of Christians from Jews.

literature

  • Thomas Brechenmacher : The end of double protection - the Holy See and the Jews at the transition to modernity (1775-1870). Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7772-0405-6 .
  • Thomas Brechenmacher: The Vatican and the Jews. History of an Unholy Relationship from the 16th Century to the Present. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-406-52903-0 .
  • Rainer Kampling : Cum nimis absurdum (Paul IV.). In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Volume 8: Supplements and Register. De Gruyter Saur, Berlin, Boston 2015, pp. 190 f.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brechenmacher (2005), p. 28.
  2. ↑ Bull Cum nimis absurdum Zionism-Israel, accessed August 21, 2017.
  3. ↑ 1555 - Cum nimis absurdum Latin text of the bull, accessed on August 22, 2017.
  4. ↑ Zeno: Georges-1913-01-2940. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Massima Moretti: "glauci coloris". Gli ebrei nell'iconografia sacra di età moderna . In: Roma moderna e contemporanea . tape XIX , no. 1 , 2011, p. 29-64 ( academia.edu ).
  6. ↑ Brechenmacher (2005), p. 29.
  7. ↑ Brechenmacher (2004), p. 66.
  8. ↑ Brechenmacher (2004), p. 67.