Back stripe capuchin
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Backstripe Capuchin ( Sapajus libidinosus ) |
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The dorsal stripe capuchin ( Sapajus libidinosus , Syn . : Cebus libidinosus ) is a primate species from the subfamily of the capuchin monkeys within the New World monkey . It was formerly considered a subspecies of the hooded capuchin .
features
Backstripe Capuchins are medium-sized primates with slender limbs and a long tail. The weight of females varies from 1.8 to 2.6 kg, in males it varies between 3.4 and 4.4 kg. The fur is predominantly yellowish-brown in color, with the eponymous dark stripe on the back. The arms, legs and tail are also colored dark. The top of the head is dark brown, the hair here forms two heads.
distribution and habitat
Backstripe Capuchins occur in northeastern Brazil between Rio Araguaia and Rio São Francisco , but not in the northwest corner of Maranhão and the northeast corner of Pará . Habitat are the dry deciduous forests in the Brazilian Caatinga and in the Cerrado . The capuchin monkeys originally assigned to the species in the Pantanal , in eastern Paraguay , as well as in southeastern Bolivia and the extreme north of Argentina, are now listed as a separate species ( Azara capuchin monkey , Sapajus cay ).
Way of life
Like all capuchin monkeys, these primates are diurnal tree-dwellers who mainly move on all fours. When transporting objects, however, they stand up on their hind legs. Investigations in the Serra da Capivara National Park in Brazil have shown that the animals can travel up to 35 m above the ground in this way. Remarkably, about a fifth of all observed two-legged movements in trees were vertically upwards. The distances covered were up to 11 m. The animals live in groups of up to 20 animals, which are composed of several males and females. They establish a hierarchy, a dominant male leads the group, there is also a leading female, to which all other males are subordinate. Dominant males are usually 0.2 to 1 kg heavier than subordinate sexes.
They are omnivores and primarily eat fruit. They also eat other parts of the plant, but also insects and small vertebrates. A study in a Caatinga region in the state of Piauí found that their diet consisted of 47% fruits, around 30% insects and 4% each of flowers and leaves. In the dry season, fruits of the palm trees produce Astrocaryum campeste , Attalea barreirensis , Attalea sp., Orbignya sp. and Syagrus make up a significant part of the diet since they are available all year round. To open the hard palm fruits, the capuchins use stones as striking tools. The monkeys also eat on corn fields and sugar cane plantations.
The impulse and choice of partner in mating comes from the female, but most of them choose the alpha male, which accordingly produces most of the young in the group. The male offspring grow faster and longer than the female. Males reach their full height at 9.8, females at 7.5. In the case of the males, however, there is a greater range of variation in body weight, since alpha animals put on weight again, but reduce it again with the loss of position.
Tool use
Backstripe Capuchins use stones to cut roots, e.g. B. of cassava dig to the interior of the fruit of the cactus Pilosocereus piauhyensis get to open ant-and to palm nuts to crack ( tool use in animals ). The animals position the nuts in a stable position, which is usually the more symmetrical side of a palm tree, for example. Before placing the nut on the surface, tap it several times. They are probably looking for an ideal, stable position and orientate themselves with their ears. The focus on acoustic signals may be due to the fact that the animals are constantly and vigilantly observing their surroundings when they are striking. The monkeys use branches to find lizards, insects, honey or water in tree hollows and crevices.
According to archaeological investigations at strike sites in the Serra da Capivara National Park in Brazil, the behavior of cracking nuts and hard seeds with blowstones goes back around 3000 years in the region, thus spanning around 450 generations of dorsal capuchins. Several variations in the use of the hammer stones could also be seen. The impact stones were initially small, but then became significantly larger in the period from 2400 to 300 years ago and then smaller again. This is explained by a change in the food spectrum from smaller seeds and nuts to larger ones and then to smaller ones again. What this change is related to is unknown. However, it represents one of the few pieces of evidence for successive and alternating "punch" or "tool traditions" outside the human line of development.
With the dedicated hitting of stones at each other, the dorsal capuchin monkeys also produce sharp-edged stone fragments "that look exactly like the first human tools". This ability was previously only ascribed to humans and great apes. The capuchin monkeys do not seem to make the sharp pieces of stone with the intention of using them as tools, e.g. for cutting. Rather, they seem to intend to take in trace elements, as they have been repeatedly seen licking the broken stones.
Danger
Backstripe Capuchins suffer in parts of their range from hunting because of their meat and from the destruction of their habitat. The IUCN - which divides the species into two species, Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus cay - sees the populations in decline, but not yet to a worrying extent. It therefore lists the two species as "not endangered" ( least concern ). However, this split into two types is not supported by other sources.
literature
- Thomas Geissmann : Comparative Primatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin et al. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Dorothy M. Fragaszy, Patricia Izar, Qing Liu, Yonat Eshschar, Leigh Anna Young and Elisabetta Visalberghi: Body Mass in Wild Bearded Capuchins, (Sapajus libidinosus): Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism. American Journal of Primatology 78, 2016, pp. 473-484
- ↑ a b c d Anthony B. Rylands, Russell A. Mittermeier, Bruna M. Bezerra, Fernanda P. Paim and Helder L. Queiroz: Family Cebidae (Squirrel Monkeys and Capuchins). Page 400 in Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, and Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3: Primates. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 2013 ISBN 978-8496553897
- ↑ Tiago Falotico, Agumi Inaba, William C. McGrew and Eduardo Ottoni example: Vertical bipedal locomotion in wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus). Primates 57 (4), 2016, pp. 533-540; doi: 10.1007 / s10329-016-0542-2
- ^ AC de A. Moura and PC Lee: Capuchin Stone Tool Use in Caatinga Dry Forest. Science 306 (5703), 2004, p. 1909; doi: 10.1126 / science.1102558
- ↑ Michael Haslam, Lydia V. Luncz, Richard A. Staff, Fiona Bradshaw, Eduardo B. Ottoni and Tiago Falótico: Pre-Columbian monkey tools. Current Biology, 26 (13), 2016, pp. R521-R522; doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2016.05.046
- ↑ Brazilian Capuchins Have Used Stone Tools for at least 600 Years Report on sci-news.com with video.
- ↑ Dorothy M. Fragaszy, Qing Liu, Barth W. Wright, Angellica Allen, Callie Welch Brown and Elisabetta Visalberghi: Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) Strategically Place Nuts in a Stable Position during Nut-Cracking. PLoS ONE 8 (2), 2013, p. E56182; doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0056182
- ↑ Tiago Falótico, Tomos Proffitt, Eduardo B. Ottoni, Richard A. Staff and Michael Haslam: Three thousand years of wild capuchin stone tool use. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2019, doi: 10.1038 / s41559-019-0904-4
- ↑ Capuchin monkeys make stone tools orf.at, October 19, 2016, accessed October 20, 2016.
- ↑ Tomos Proffitt, Lydia V. Luncz, Tiago Falótico, Eduardo B. Ottoni, Ignacio de la Torre and Michael Haslam: Wild monkeys flake stone tools. Nature 539, 2016, pp. 85-88; doi: 10.1038 / nature20112
- ^ DE Wilson and DM Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0801882214
Web links
- Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) at ITIS
- Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus cay at the IUCN