Rebbachisauridae

Rebbachisauridae
	Skull of nigersaurus
Temporal occurrence
	Lower Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous ( Aptium to Coniacium )
	126.3 to 86.3 million years
Locations
	South America; Africa;
Systematics
	Lizard dinosaur (Saurischia)
	Sauropods (Sauropoda)
	Eusauropoda
	Neosauropoda
Superfamily :	Diplodocoidea
Family :	Rebbachisauridae
Scientific name
	Rebbachisauridae
	Bonaparte , 1997

The Rebbachisauridae are a family of the Diplodocoidea . It was defined in 1997 by José Fernando Bonaparte . The Rebbachisauridae lived on the continents of Europe , South America and Africa .

features

The Rebbachisauridae, like all sauropods, were four-legged ( quadruped ), herbivorous (herbivorous) dinosaurs . They had a small head, long neck and tail.

skull

Reconstruction of the head posture of Nigersaurus taqueti compared to other Sauropodomorpha

Tooth batteries are unique among the sauropods and can only be found among the Rebbachisaurids. It shows extreme adaptations for a herbivorous dinosaur and, moreover, this adaptation is only found in hadrosaurs and ceratopsids .

When viewed from above, the lower jaw appears L-shaped and forms a very wide, box-shaped set of teeth that contain straight rows of teeth that are perpendicular to the longitudinal shaft of the lower jaw - a feature unique among dinosaurs. The total length of the lower jaw is slightly exceeded by the width of the muzzle.

The upper and lower jaws have tooth batteries that are deeply embedded in the maxillary, premaxillary and dental. There were up to 10 replacement teeth under each of the over 100 active teeth, and the skull had over 500 teeth in total. The teeth acted like scissors cutting off vegetation. The teeth wore out quickly - no other dinosaur is known to have a higher rate of wear. The dental batteries ensured a continuous change of teeth , according to Sereno, a tooth was regrowed about every month. In any case, Nigersaurus did not have any of the special adaptations that have been demonstrated in other dinosaurs with dental batteries.

hull

The neck is short compared to other sauropods, the 13 cervical vertebrae are only 130% of the length of the spinal column. A short neck and a smaller size characterize most Rebbachisauriden and Dicraeosauriden , which are in contrast to the large, long-necked Diplodociden . However , it is not clear whether these characteristics of the Diplodocidae are derived characteristics of this family, or whether the common characteristics of the Dicraeosauridae and the Rebbachisauridae have developed convergent .

With Maraapunisaurus a very large representative of the sauropods could have belonged to the Rebbachisauriden.

Systematics and taxonomy

Taxonomy

The first genus of the Rebbachisauridae, Rebbachisaurus , was classified by Jack McIntosch in 1990 in the Diplodocidae , subfamily Dicraeosaurinae . As more similar dinosaurs were discovered over the next few years, it became clear that these dinosaurs formed a specific group that Bonaparte named Rebbachisauridae in 1997.

External system

The Rebbachisauridae are within the Diplodocoidea , a group of Neosauropods . The sister taxon are the Flagellicaudata ( Diplodocidae + Dicraeosauridae ). The following cladogram shows the relationships:

Neosauropoda

Macronaria

Diplodocoidea

Rebbachisauridae

Flagellicaudata

	Dicraeosauridae

	Diplodocidae

Genera

Web links

Commons : Rebbachisauridae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

^ Pablo A. Gallina, Sebastián Apesteguía: Cathartesaura anaerobica gen. Et sp. nov., a new rebbachisaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Huincul Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Río Negro, Argentina. In: Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. NS Vol. 7, No. 2, 2005, ISSN 1514-5158 , pp. 153–166, digitized version (PDF; 1.03 MB) ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

↑ ^a ^b José F. Bonaparte : Rayososaurus agrioensis Bonaparte 1995. In: Ameghiniana . Vol. 34, No. 1, 1997, p. 116.

^ ^A ^b Paul Upchurch , Paul M. Barrett , Peter Dodson : Sauropoda. In: David B. Weishampel , Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska (eds.): The Dinosauria . 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2004, ISBN 0-520-24209-2 , pp. 259-324.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Paul C. Sereno , Jeffrey A. Wilson, Lawrence M. Witmer , John A. Whitlock, Abdoulaye Maga, Oumarou Ide, Timothy A. Rowe : Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur. In: PLoS ONE . Vol. 2, No. 11, 2007, e1230, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0001230 .

^ Paul Upchurch, Paul M. Barrett, Peter Dodson: Sauropoda. In: David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska (eds.): The Dinosauria . 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2004, ISBN 0-520-24209-2 , pp. 259-324, here p. 304.

^ Paul C. Sereno, Jeffrey A. Wilson: Structure and Evolution of a Sauropod Tooth Battery. In: Kristina Curry A. Rogers, Jeffrey A. Wilson (Eds.): The Sauropods. Evolution and Paleobiology. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2005, ISBN 0-520-24623-3 , pp. 157-177, doi : 10.1525 / california / 9780520246232.003.0006 .

^ ^A ^b Kenneth Carpenter: Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, NG (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado . In: Geology of the Intermountain West . tape 5 , October 19, 2018, ISSN 2380-7601 , p. 227-244 , doi : 10.31711 / giw.v5.pp227-244 ( utahgeology.org [accessed May 16, 2020]).

^ John S. McIntosh: Sauropoda. In: David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska (eds.): The Dinosauria . University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 1990, ISBN 0-520-06726-6 , pp. 345-401.

↑ Michael P. Taylor, Darren Naish: The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda). In: PaleoBios. Vol. 25, No. 2, 2005, ISSN 0031-0298 , pp. 1-7, digitized version (PDF; 456 kB) .

^ Gregory S. Paul : The Princeton Field Guide To Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2010, ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9 , pp. 186-187, online .

↑ Fidel Torcida Fernández-Baldor, José Ignacio Canudo, Pedro Huerta, Diego Montero, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, Leonardo Salgado : Demandasaurus darwini, a new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. Vol. 56, No. 3, 2011, pp. 535-552, doi : 10.4202 / app.2010.0003 .

↑ Federico Fanti, Andrea Cau, Mohsen Hassine, Michela Contessi: A new sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Tunisia with extreme avian-like pneumatization. In: Nature Communications. 4, 2013, Article Number 2080, ISSN 2041-1723 , doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3080 .

[1] Pablo A. Gallina, Sebastián Apesteguía: Cathartesaura anaerobica gen. Et sp. nov., a new rebbachisaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Huincul Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Río Negro, Argentina. In: Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. NS Vol. 7, No. 2, 2005, ISSN 1514-5158 , pp. 153–166, digitized version (PDF; 1.03 MB) ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

[Bonaparte-2] José F. Bonaparte : Rayososaurus agrioensis Bonaparte 1995. In: Ameghiniana . Vol. 34, No. 1, 1997, p. 116.

[Upchurch-3] A ^b Paul Upchurch , Paul M. Barrett , Peter Dodson : Sauropoda. In: David B. Weishampel , Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska (eds.): The Dinosauria . 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2004, ISBN 0-520-24209-2 , pp. 259-324.

[Sereno_2007_PLoS-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Paul C. Sereno , Jeffrey A. Wilson, Lawrence M. Witmer , John A. Whitlock, Abdoulaye Maga, Oumarou Ide, Timothy A. Rowe : Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur. In: PLoS ONE . Vol. 2, No. 11, 2007, e1230, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0001230 .

[td-5] Paul Upchurch, Paul M. Barrett, Peter Dodson: Sauropoda. In: David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska (eds.): The Dinosauria . 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2004, ISBN 0-520-24209-2 , pp. 259-324, here p. 304.

[toothbattery-6] Paul C. Sereno, Jeffrey A. Wilson: Structure and Evolution of a Sauropod Tooth Battery. In: Kristina Curry A. Rogers, Jeffrey A. Wilson (Eds.): The Sauropods. Evolution and Paleobiology. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2005, ISBN 0-520-24623-3 , pp. 157-177, doi : 10.1525 / california / 9780520246232.003.0006 .

[:0-7] A ^b Kenneth Carpenter: Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, NG (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado . In: Geology of the Intermountain West . tape 5 , October 19, 2018, ISSN 2380-7601 , p. 227-244 , doi : 10.31711 / giw.v5.pp227-244 ( utahgeology.org [accessed May 16, 2020]).

[8] John S. McIntosh: Sauropoda. In: David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska (eds.): The Dinosauria . University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 1990, ISBN 0-520-06726-6 , pp. 345-401.

[9] Michael P. Taylor, Darren Naish: The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda). In: PaleoBios. Vol. 25, No. 2, 2005, ISSN 0031-0298 , pp. 1-7, digitized version (PDF; 456 kB) .

[10] Gregory S. Paul : The Princeton Field Guide To Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2010, ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9 , pp. 186-187, online .

[11] Fidel Torcida Fernández-Baldor, José Ignacio Canudo, Pedro Huerta, Diego Montero, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, Leonardo Salgado : Demandasaurus darwini, a new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. Vol. 56, No. 3, 2011, pp. 535-552, doi : 10.4202 / app.2010.0003 .

[12] Federico Fanti, Andrea Cau, Mohsen Hassine, Michela Contessi: A new sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Tunisia with extreme avian-like pneumatization. In: Nature Communications. 4, 2013, Article Number 2080, ISSN 2041-1723 , doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3080 .