Speech (linguistics)
To speak in terms of linguistics all belong in accordance with the rules of natural language articulated statements .
Everything that someone says or writes, regardless of length, content, form, function and addressee, is speech; also what someone mentally dresses in words without uttering it ( inner monologue ): A quick prayer is no less a speech than a litany , a text message , a multi-volume novel , a diary note intended only for the eyes of the writer or one held in front of an audience Address . Messages in a sign language are speeches in the sense of linguistics, but reflexive expressions and voices are not, unless they are like thatInterjections as signs integrated into the system of a language and freely available. Also, images and picture stories are no speeches; but there is a smooth transition from the image via the pictogram to the written form of the speech. The author of a speech in the linguistic sense is called the speaker , in contrast to the speaker as the person who gives a speech or a lecture.
Speech, parole , text
In this broadest sense, speech is a basic methodological concept in linguistics and has roughly the same scope as the concept of parole , which Ferdinand de Saussure used to redefine the subject of linguistics, the langue . Parole , speech, speaking, is the way in which individual speakers make use of langue , language as a collective system of signs. The concept of the text , as long as it is not restricted to writing, is also the same as the concepts of parole and speech.
Loud, word, sentence, speech
Speech is the highest of the four levels on which the elements of a language are organized: speeches consist of sentences , sentences of words , words of sounds . Traditional grammar divides its material accordingly into phonetics, word and sentence theory, but leaves the study of speech to its neighboring disciplines of rhetoric and style . It is true that there are also indications in traditional grammars that certain grammatical forms, especially pronouns and tense morphemes , point beyond the level of the sentence and thereby create the fabric of relationships that gives speech inner cohesion . But these forms are mainly dealt with in word, form and sentence theory. Only recently has the level of speech been included more in grammatical research. The resulting text grammar forms a branch of text linguistics .
Speech reproduction
A speech reproduction or speech report is when a speaker (or writer) leads another person's speech (or his own speech at another point in time). In written form, the speaker uses the so-called quotation marks in the simplest case , in oral form he gives his voice a different modulation, or marks the "foreign" speech mimed, gesturally or verbally as a quote (when reading presentations, for example, with the words "quote "And" End of quote "). In this case it is direct speech . There are also grammatical means for identifying foreign speech, namely indirect and experienced speech . Examples of the three main forms of speech reproduction:
| direct speech | indirect speech | experienced speech |
|---|---|---|
| He said: "When I get home tomorrow, I'll sleep in first." | He said that when he got home tomorrow he'd get some sleep first. | When he got home tomorrow, he'd get some sleep first. |
In the example sentence, the apparently contradicting grammatical form makes it clear that it is a matter of lived speech: The adverb of time “tomorrow” is connected with the past tense “was”.
The linguistic discipline of conversation analysis examines other methods of stylizing and staging foreign speech . This mainly included code switching (switching to other languages or language variants).
Except in the chapters on speech reproduction, the concept of speech does not play a major role in traditional grammar. (Engl. "Parts of speech") against the old term "parts of speech", the term "has speech " enforced.
literature
- Ferdinand de Saussure: Basic questions in general linguistics. Translation of the original French edition from 1916. 3rd edition. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-017015-9 .
- John Lyons : Introduction to Modern Linguistics. Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-11-017015-9 .
- Harald Weinrich : Text grammar of the French language. Klett, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-12-520810-6 .
- Harald Weinrich: Text grammar of the German language. With the collaboration of Maria Thurmair, Eva Breindl, Eva-Maria Willkop. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-411-05261-9 .
- Theodor Lewandowski: Linguistic Dictionary (= Uni-Taschenbücher. 201). Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1976, ISBN 3-494-02021-3 .
- Jean-Marie Zemb : sentence, word, speech. Semantic structures of the German sentence. Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 1982, ISBN 3-451-16220-2 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ See John Lyons : Introduction to Modern Linguistics. Cape. 1.4.7 Langue and parole , p. 52 ff.
- ↑ Cf. Theodor Lewandowski: Linguistic Dictionary , Lemma Rede , Vol. 2, p. 564 f.
- ↑ http://www.gespraechsforschung-online.de/heft2002/ga-guenthner.pdf