waste

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Waste (nouns from the old high German firswenden or firswenten for "let disappear") refers to the excessive consumption or inefficient use of resources . Examples of this are the waste of money, time, material resources, available (earth's) surface or energy. “Inefficient” implies that if the resource were used more moderately or more intelligently, one could derive much longer and greater benefit from it.

Waste can be addictive (“ waste addiction ”).

Economically and ecologically

Each strawberry individually wrapped: a questionable waste of resources
Used coffee capsules

In economics or ecology, waste refers to a process in which - mostly limited - resources are used unnecessarily and not profitably. The term stands in connection with an idea of the benefit . Economics consider scarce and free goods.

The homo oeconomicus , on which the economic principle is based, does not waste anything, but rather compares the means invested with the result in his economic activities (as soon as it comes to scarce goods, i.e. almost always) and strives to maximize utility (households and consumers) in accordance with his personal preferences. or profit maximization (entrepreneur).

In addition to these two goals, avoiding waste is a secondary goal. It is in an optimization competition with other economic secondary goals. When considering moving goods from A to B, the transport costs and the transport time are first assessed. Resource consumption (e.g. energy consumption ) is often only considered when there is an actual shortage and taken into account in the decision-making process. Only when the resource consumption creates a shortage and the price for this resource rises as a result, the goal of avoiding waste becomes more important.

The economic and ecological goal is to achieve the least possible waste, since resources should be conserved and saved. Therefore, measures are taken in modern industrialized countries today to save energy (avoid energy waste) and handle raw materials carefully (avoid material waste) in order to prevent waste, for example thermal insulation or recycling.

Waste of Tax Money

The German Taxpayers Association is investigating the waste of taxpayers' money . He publishes the results of these investigations annually in a black book The Public Waste . This contains a collection of examples from different areas in which, according to the association, the federal, state and local governments lacked an economical and economical use of tax money. In Switzerland, too, the taxpayers' association there uncovered cases of wasted tax money and made them public. According to its own information, the association files criminal charges in important cases.

In order to combat the waste of tax money, the German Bundestag had been in possession of an internet petition since October 10, 2005 with the request to introduce the offense of breach of office. 3,413 co-signers had joined the petition. By resolution of May 24, 2007, the German Bundestag followed a six-page recommendation of the Petitions Committee, which ends with the final sentence: "For the reasons stated (in the recommendation), the Petitions Committee cannot support the concerns (of the petitioners) as a whole and therefore recommends to complete the petition process. ”The German Bundestag then decided.

Industry and manufacturing

The seven types of waste in production : In modern production technology , too , one speaks of waste (Japanese Muda ). Derived from the lean concept that arises from the Toyota Production System (TPS), there are seven types of waste in the manufacture or refinement of products:

  • Corrections
  • Overproduction (Over Production)
  • Movements (motion)
  • Material movement
  • Waiting times
  • Stocks (inventory)
  • Processing

In addition to the seven classic types of waste (7V), there are other types of waste ( lean production ), which mainly occur in indirect and administrative areas (but not only there):

  • Waste of employee potential (e.g. poor ergonomics in the workplace)
  • Energy waste in all processes (e.g. waste of information due to unclear communication, which in turn is waste).

One would like to reduce this waste with modern methods for (partly) continuous improvement ( Kaizen , continuous improvement process ).

One uses u. a. following methods:

  • 5S or 6S (security, sorting, visible order, cleaning, standardizing, self-discipline)
  • Setup time optimization ( Single Minute Exchange of Die , abbreviation SMED)
  • Just-in-time production (leveling, cycle time determination, introduction of pull systems and Kanban )
  • Fail-safe processes (error proofing according to Poka Yoke )
  • Inclusion of employees in all analysis and improvement processes
  • u. v. m.

The Toyota production system can be transferred to other areas of the economy (e.g. banks, administrations, etc.). As part of the adjustments, for example, new / different types of waste are then defined.

In the nature

Waste in the sense of proliferation, as well as species richness and biodiversity is a central development principle in ecosystems.

Philosophical

There are also ideas of wasting (oneself) in philosophy and art , where wastage is viewed more positively and discussed in connection with excess , altruism , the sacred , the gift and subjectivity , such as with offerings (ship christenings, topping-out ceremony, hen party etc. ) or Georges Bataille (see also Potlatch ).

In the context of personal lifestyle, a pronounced striving to acquire new possessions beyond what is actually needed can also be seen as a waste. In particular, when the realization of this striving exceeds one's own economic capacity, addictive behavior can manifest itself in it (see also shopping addiction ).

Political-moral

Waste as an idea is generally considered negative, irrational, immoral and is associated with wealth , decadence and abundance . This is probably due to a. from a Protestant - Calvinist way of thinking that rejects the enjoyment and display of wealth.

Members of royal houses and heads of state have repeatedly been accused of wasting money in the course of history. Although it is disputed whether this criticism is factually justified in his case, Louis XVI in particular is . still associated with it by France today. More recently, Jean-Bédel Bokassa , who was deposed emperor of the Central African Empire in 1979 , has been confronted with this charge.

Legally

According to the general land law for the Prussian states , waste is if the wealth is considerably reduced by careless and useless spending or by willful neglect.

See also

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: Waste  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikiquote: Waste  Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Association of Taxpayers - Black Book. In : steuerzahler.de. Retrieved April 16, 2016 .
  2. ↑ What is the Association of Taxpayers doing ( Memento of November 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Internet presence of the Association of Taxpayers (Switzerland) . Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  3. ↑ Reinhard Koether, Klaus-Jürgen Meier: Lean Production for multi-variant individual production: Flexibility is becoming the new standard . Springer-Verlag, 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-13969-8 , pp. 10 ( google.de [accessed on January 20, 2019]).
  4. ↑ § 30 of the first part, first title