Retornadoes

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Portugal's overseas provinces in the 20th century with the year of loss

Various groups were named as retornados ( Portuguese for returnees ).

Portugal

Retornados in Portugal are the name of the Portuguese settlers who returned to Portugal after the independence of the Portuguese overseas provinces around 1975 or resettled there. The term “retornados” is only partially applicable as it includes people of different skin colors, most of whom did not come from Portugal, but from the territories or who had lived there for a very long time, sometimes for several generations. However, for the sake of simplicity, the term became common to include people who moved to the mother country after the independence of the colonies, i.e. who returned to their native country or that of their ancestors for the most part.

After the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and the subsequent end of the Portuguese colonial wars , the new democratic government granted independence to all Portuguese colonies . As a result, at least half a million people came to Portugal, mainly from Angola and Mozambique , but also from the three other African territories (today PALOP ) and East Timor , where they made up a good six percent of the country's population in 1975.

Above all, the escalating civil war in Angola prompted the new government in Portugal to fly a total of 174,000 people to Portugal via an airlift between Luanda and Lisbon between June and November 1975 . In September 1975 alone, around 4,000 retornadoes landed in Lisbon every day, and there were also flights to Porto .

Many of the retornados no longer had family roots in Portugal and were taken care of by state and private institutions and aid organizations, including the Portuguese Red Cross , and partly in vacant or vacant hotels, partly in makeshift residential facilities. At first they represented an additional burden for the new government and the indigenous people in the country, which found itself in a difficult political, social and economic overall situation. A few years later, however, thanks to their back investments and as new workers and consumers, they contributed to the development spurt in Portugal's slowly picking up economic development. The contribution of the retornados to the cultural and political diversity in Portugal should also be mentioned.

West Africa

Retornados is a name for the tabom in Ghana and the Amarôs or Agudás in Benin , Togo and Nigeria , freed Afro-Brazilian slaves who were resettled in Africa between 1835 and 1836. The word was used here mostly in a derogatory sense.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Journal " Information on Political Education " No. 333 (3/2018), p. 61
  2. ↑ a b Ponte Aéria 1975 Luanda - Lisboa "Os Retornados" - "Airlift 1975 Luanda - Lisbon, the Retornados" , commemorative report of the public television RTP from 2018, partial recording on YouTube , accessed on July 14, 2020
  3. ↑ AH de Oliveira Marques : History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. , Kröner Verlag , Stuttgart 2001, p. 645 ( ISBN 3-520-38501-5 )
  4. ^ Ditto, p. 650
  5. ^ Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil: Os Retornados . Archived from the original on February 27, 2009 ; Retrieved July 20, 2010 .