Root truffles

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Root truffles
Rhizopogon rubescens

Rhizopogon rubescens

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Boletales (Boletales)
Family : Related root truffle (Rhizopogonaceae)
Genre : Root truffles
Scientific name
Rhizopogon
Fr. (1817)

The root truffles ( Rhizopogon ) form a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the family of the root truffle relatives .

description

The kinds form underground fruiting bodies ( English false truffles ). The general morphological features of the Rhizopogon fruit bodies consist of single-layered or double-layered peridia that surround a gleba , a cavity, which lacks the columella, a sterile, more or less columnar structure that protrudes into the gleba from below. Basidiospores are produced on basidia that arise within the fungal hymenium that lines the inside of the gleba. The peridium is often provided with thick "cords" (also known as rhizomorphs ) made of mycelium , which attach the fruiting body to the surrounding substrate.

ecology

A cross section of a fruiting body of Rhizopogon roseolus showing the gleba

symbiosis

Rhizopogon species are primarily found as ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees of the pine family , often in pines , firs and Douglas firs . Because of their symbiosis with trees, species are believed to play an important role in the ecological relationships of coniferous forests . Current micromorphological studies have shown that the genus Rhizopogon to Dickröhrlingsartigen heard and they work closely with the lubricating boletes ( Suillus are related).

Mammalian food and spore spread

Rhizopogon species are widespread in the food spectrum of many small mammals in western North America, including deer. Spore viability is retained and may even be increased by an intestinal passage, what the mammal to be significant "spreaders" ( English dispersal vectors ) for Rhizopogon making styles.

Ecology of disturbed areas

Rhizopogon species are common members of the fungal communities that colonize the roots of trees when the saplings are set and also survive in old stands. Rhizopogon spores are long-lived in the soil; the spores of some species can survive for at least four years and gain viability over time. Species of the genus Rhizopogon seem to be widespread especially after disturbances such as fires or clearcuts on the roots of the seedlings that are establishing themselves. Rhizopogon species are also abundant colonizers of conifer seedlings grown in containers and in the field that were grown in soils from coniferous locations that had no observations of rhizopogon occurrences on the roots of the mature trees. This supports the thesis that rhizopogon species are an important factor in the repopulation of disturbed areas with coniferous forests.

etymology

The scientific name Rhizopogon consists of the ancient Greek words ῥίζα ( rhíza = "root") and πώγων ( pógon = "beard"). It was chosen because of the rhizomorphs often found on the fruiting bodies of many species.

Taxonomy and systematics

A fruiting body of Rhizopogon luteolus ( = obtextus ) with rhizomorphs and attached substrate

The genus Rhizopogon was first described by Elias Magnus Fries from Europe in 1817 . The type species is Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordholm (1817). The North American monograph comes from Alexander H. Smith (1966), who posthumously accepted Sanford Myron Zeller as a second author because of his contributions to the study of the genre . A European monograph was published by Martin in the mid-1990s.

Historical classification

The species of the genus Rhizopogon occur in the entire natural range of the pine family that has been extended by humans. Although this area covers most of the temperate zone , the species' biodiversity has only been well studied in North America and Europe . There are currently more than 150 described species within the genus. The morphological features of these species are puzzling and vary widely as the fruiting bodies ripen. This led to the description of several species, which ultimately only represent different stages of development of a single one.

Modern classification

In recent times, molecular-phylogenetic methods have made it possible to revise taxonomic concepts. These identified five sub-genera:

  • Rhizopogon subgen. Rhizopogon
  • Rhizopogon subgen. Versicolores
  • Rhizopogon subgen. Villosuli
  • Rhizopogon subgen. Amylopogon
  • Rhizopogon subgen. Roseoli

Selected species

use

forestry

The first deliberate use of rhizopogon species in forestry dates back to the early 20th century, when Rhizopogon luteolus was deliberately introduced into Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ) plantations in Western Australia after growth was observed Requires improvement measures. Since then, rhizopogon species have been widely studied as part of forest management measures. Rhizopogon species have been identified as common members of ectomycorrhizal communities that inhabit the tree roots of pine and Douglas fir plantations. In the case of naturally occurring spores of Rhizopogon roseolus (= R. rubescens ) it has been shown that they compete with the spores of other ectomycorrhizae in pine plantations, even if these were applied directly to the roots of the seedlings. The survival and growth rate of pine and Douglas fir seedlings in plantations increased after "inoculation" with Rhizopogon species.

gastronomy

While many of the rhizopogon species are believed to be edible, most are not highly valued in culinary terms. A notable exception is Rhizopogon roseolus (= R. rubescens ), which is considered a delicacy in East Asia, especially in Japan , where it is traditionally known as Shoro . Techniques for commercial cultivation of this species in pine plantations have been developed and successfully used in Japan and New Zealand .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett: Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales . In: Mycologia . 98, No. 6, 2006, pp. 971-981. doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.971 .
  2. ↑ C. Maser, Z. Maser: Interactions among squirrels, mycorrhizal fungi, and coniferous forests in Oregon . In: Western North American Naturalist . 48, No. 3, 1988, pp. 358-369.
  3. ^ AD Izzo, M. Meyer, JM Trappe, M. North, TD Bruns: Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed conifer forest . In: Forest Science . 51, No. 3, 2005, pp. 243-254.
  4. ↑ S. Ashkannehhad, TR Horton: Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta , suilloid fungi and deer . In: New Phytologist . 169, No. 2, 2006, pp. 345-354. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x .
  5. ^ A b W. = Colgan III, AW Claridge: Mycorrhizal effectiveness of Rhizopogon spores recovered from faecal pellets of small forest-dwelling mammals . In: Mycological Research . 106, No. 3, 2002, pp. 314-320. doi : 10.1017 / S0953756202005634 .
  6. ↑ M. Kotter, RC Farentinos: Formations of Ponderosa pine ectomycorrhizae after inoculation with feces of tassel-earred squirrels . In: Mycologia . 76, No. 2, 1984, pp. 758-760. doi : 10.2307 / 3793237 .
  7. ↑ BD Twieg, DM Durall, SW Simard: Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in mixed temperate forests . In: New Phytologist . 176, No. 2, 2007, pp. 437-447. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2007.02173.x .
  8. ^ R. Molina, JM Trappe, LC Grubisha, JW Spatafora: Rhizopogon . In: JWG Cairney & SM Chambers (eds.): Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile . Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin 1999, ISBN 978-3-642-08490-4 , pp. 129-161, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-06827-4_5 .
  9. ↑ TD Bruns, KG Peay, PJ Boynton, LC Grubisha, NA Hynson, NH Nguyen, NP Rosenstock: Inoculum potential of Rhizopogon spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment . In: New Phytologist . 181, No. 2, 2009, pp. 463-470. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x .
  10. ↑ a b c J. Baar, TR Horton, AM Kretzer, TD Bruns: Mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus muricata from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire . In: New Phytologist . 143, No. 2, 1999, pp. 409-418. doi : 10.1046 / j.1469-8137.1999.00452.x .
  11. Jump up ↑ DL Luoma, CA Stockdale, R. Molina, JL Eberhart: The spatial influence of Pseudotsuga menziesii retention trees on ectomycorrhiza diversity . In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 36, No. 10, 2006, pp. 2.561-2.573. doi : 10.1139 / x06-143 .
  12. ↑ DL Taylor, TD Bruns: Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities . In: Molecular Ecology . 8, No. 11, 1999, pp. 1837-1850. doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x .
  13. ↑ R. Kjøller, TD Bruns: Rhizopogon spore banking communities within and among California pine forests . In: Mycologia . 95, No. 4, 2003, pp. 603-613. doi : 10.2307 / 3761936 .
  14. ↑ M. Murata, A. Kinoshita, K. Nara: Revisiting the host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: implications from host-fungal associations in relict Pseudotsuga japonica forests . In: Mycorrhiza . 23, No. 8, 2013, pp. 641-653. doi : 10.1007 / s00572-013-0504-0 .
  15. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Symbolae Gasteromycorum . Ex officina Berlingiana, Lund 1817.
  16. ^ AH Smith, SM Zeller: A Preliminary Account of the North American Species of Rhizopogon . In: Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden . 14, No. 2, 1966, pp. 1-178.
  17. ^ MP Martín: The Genus Rhizopogon in Europe . BCG, Barcelona 1996, ISBN 8992161700 , p. 173.
  18. ↑ a b L. C. Grubisha, JM Trappe, R. Molina, JW Spatafora: Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon . VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyzes of ITS sequences . In: Mycologia . 94, No. 4, 2002, pp. 607-619. doi : 10.2307 / 3761712 .
  19. ^ SL Kessel: Soil organisms. The dependence of certain pine species on a biological soil factor . In: Empire Forestry Journal . 6, 1927, pp. 70-74.
  20. ^ R. Molina, JM Trappe: Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses . In: New Phytologist . 126, No. 4, 1994, pp. 653-675. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.1994.tb02961.x .
  21. ↑ KE Karkouri, F. Martin, D. Mousain: Dominance of the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon rubescens in a plantation of Pinus pinea seedlings inoculated with Suillus collinitus . In: Annals of Forest Science . 59, No. 2, 2002, pp. 197-204. doi : 10.1051 / forest: 2002006 .
  22. ↑ D. Steinfield, M. Amaranthus, E. Cazares: Survival of Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex Laws) seedlings outplanted with Rhizopogon mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the nursery . In: Journal of Arboriculture . 29, No. 4, 2003, pp. 4197-208.
  23. ↑ MA Castellano, JM Trappe: Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with Rhizopogon spores . In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 15, No. 4, 1985, pp. 613-617. doi : 10.1139 / x85-100 .
  24. ↑ M. Trappe, F. Evans, J. Trappe: Field guide to North American Truffles . Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley, CA 2007, ISBN 1580088627 , p. 136.
  25. ^ A b W. Yun, IR Hall: Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . 82, No. 8, 2004, pp. 1063-1073. doi : 10.1139 / b04-051 .

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