Red annals

Tibetan name
Tibetan script : དེབ་ཐེར་ དམར་ པོ
Wylie transliteration : deb ther dmar po
Pronunciation in IPA : [ tʰèpteː máːpo ]
Official transcription of the PRCh : Têbdêr Marbo
THDL transcription : Depter Marpo
Other spellings: Thepther Marpo, Depther Marpo
Chinese name
Traditional : 《紅 史》 、 《紅 冊》
Simplified : 《红 史》 、 《红 册》
Pinyin : Hóng shǐ, Hóng cè

The Red Annals , also known as the “Red Book”, are a representation of the history of the world from the mid- 14th century from the perspective of a prince of the central Tibetan region of Tshel Gungthang.

The main countries of the world were among India , the Mongolia , the Tangut -Reich, China and Tibet . The greater part of this historical work is dedicated to the latter.

Because the history of Tibet is embedded in the presentation of a history of the then known world, this work marks a change in the historiography of the Tibetan Middle Ages.

author

→ Main article : Tshelpa Künga Dorje

The author of the Red Annals , the Tshelpa Künga Dorje (Tib .: tshal pa kun dga 'rdo rje ; 1309-1364), was the 10th secular ruler or regent (Tib .: dpon-sa ) of the central Tibetan region of Tshel Gungthang ( tib .: tshal gung thang ), which had already developed into one of the 13 tens of thousands of Tibet under the rule of Sakya before his time . He was a descendant of the important mGar noble family, whose members held important ministerial offices as early as the time of the Yarlung dynasty .

Tshelpa Künga Dorje was born in 1309 as the son of Mönlam Dorje (Tib .: smon lam rdo rje ), the 9th regent of Tshel Gungthang. In 1323, at the age of 15, he was enthroned as regent (Tib .: khri dpon ) of the ten thousand Tshel Gunthang. A year later, in 1324, he traveled to China to be confirmed in his office by Emperor Yesun Timur Khan of the Yuan Dynasty .

One of his most important activities was the compilation of a new edition of the Buddhist canon (Tib .: bka '-' gyur ), which became known as Tshelpa Kanjur . This collection of works, which was created with the participation of the famous scholar Butön Rinchen Drub , comprised 260 volumes written in gold and silver script.

In 1346 Tshelpa Künga Dorje began to write the historical work Rote Annalen , which he himself did not give the Tibetan title Deb-ther dmar-po , but the Mongolian title Hu-lan deb-ther . In 1352 his ten thousand Tshel Gungthang was conquered by the Phagmo Drupa ruler Changchub Gyeltshen (Tib .: byang chub rgyal mtshan ). This ended the reign of Tshelpa Künga Dorje. He abdicated and entered the monk's state, taking the new name Gewe Lodrö (Tib .: dge ba'i blo gros ).

Ultimately, the Red Annals were not completed until 1363.

The important literary works of Tshelpa Künga Dorje alias Gewe Lodrö also include the White Annals , a catalog by Tshelpa Kanjur .

content

The first main part of the Red Annals begins with a presentation of the genealogy of mythical Indian kings, which is followed by the presentation of the life story of the historical Buddha . After considering the transmission of Buddhist teaching, there is a genealogy of historical Indian kings. In the subsequent discussion of the history of China, a full chapter of its own will be devoted to the political relations between China and Tibet during the Tang Dynasty .

The presentation of the history of the rulers of the Tangut Empire and the Mongols is followed by the presentation of the history of the Tibetan Yarlung dynasty . The first main part ends with a description of the history of the throne holders of Sakya ( Sakya Thridzin ) and their rulers (Tib .: dpon-chen ) during the time of the Yuan dynasty.

The second, much more extensive part of the Red Annals deals with the spread of Buddhism in Tibet after the turn of the second millennium AD and essentially deals with the schools of the Kadampa and the Kagyupa .

Significance as a work of history

The Red Annals are considered to be an important historical work that influenced the creation of other historical works. In 1538, Penchen Sönam Dragpa (Tib .: pan chen bsod nams grags pa ; 1478–1554), the 15th abbot of Ganden , wrote the New Red Annals , which were conceived as a continuation of the Red Annals and in part also the history of China , India and Śambhalas .

expenditure

• དུང་ དཀར་ བློ་ བཟང་ འཕྲིན་ ལས (ed.): དེབ་ཐེར་ དམར་པོ་ རྣམས་ ཀྱི་ དང་པོ་ ཧུ་ ལན་ དེབ་ ཐེར (Beijing, མི་རིགས་ དཔེ་ སྐྲུན་ ཁང / Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族 出版社 1981).

Translations

• Chén Qìngyīng 陈庆英 , Zhōu Rùnnián 周润 年 ( transl .): Hóng shǐ 红 史 (Lhasa, བོད་ ལྗོངས་ མི་ དམངས་ དཔེ་ སྐྲུན་ ཁང / 西藏 人民出版社 1988), ISBN 7223000147 ( online ; PDF file; 874 kB).
• Mitsushima Tatasu 光 嶌 督 ( transl .): Bonkyō Ramakyō shiryō ni yoru Toban no kenkyū ボ ン 教 ・ ラ マ 教 史料 に よ る 吐蕃 の 研究 (Tokyo, Seibundō 成文 堂 1985), ISBN 9784792370121 .
• Inaba Shōju 稲 葉 正 就 , Satō Hisashi 佐藤 長 ( transl .): Furan teputeru (hu-lan deb-ther). Chibetto nendaiki フ ゥ ラ ン テ プ テ ル (hu-lan deb-ther) チ ベ ッ ト 年代 記 (Kyoto, Hōzōkan 法 蔵 館 1964).

See also

• White annals
• Blue annals

literature

• Dan Martin, Yael Bentor (eds.): Tibetan Histories: A Bibliography of Tibetan-Language Historical Works (London, Serindia 1997), ISBN 0906026431 .
• Wakamatsu Hiroshi 若 松 寛 : “Kōshi” chokunen jinio 『紅 史』 著作 年次 考 . In: Kyōto furitsu daigaku minabujotsu hōkoku 京都 府 立 大學 學術 報告 40.27–32 (November 18, 1988).
• Karl-Heinz Everding: The Gung thang dkar chag. The history of the Tibetan ruling family of Tshal Gung thang and the Tshal pa bKa'brgyud pa school. A contribution to the history of the Lhasa Valley in the 12th-19th centuries. Century . Tibetan text in edition and translation. Second edition. VGH Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH, Bonn 2005. ISBN 3882800593
• Per K. Sørensen, Guntram Hazod, Tsering Gyalpo: Rulers on the Celestial Plain. Ecclesiastic and Secular Hegemony in Medieval Tibet. A Study of Tshal Gung-thang . 2 vols. Vienna, publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences 2007. ISBN 978-3-7001-3828-0 .

Web links

• Hóngshǐ 红 史 ( Fójiào bǎikē 佛教 百科 ; in Chinese)

Footnotes

1. ↑ after Melvyn C. Goldstein (ed.): The New Tibetan-English Dictionary of Modern Tibetan . University of California Press 2001, p. 540.
2. ↑ The word têbdêr (also: དེབ་ གཏེར ) is a loan word from Mongolian , but comes from an Arabic or Persian (دفتر"Notes, notebook") or ultimately probably based on a Greek word ( διφθέρα , "leather, parchment").
3. ↑ tbrc.org: kun dga 'rdo rje  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ པཎ་ ཆེན་ བསོད་ ནམས་ གྲགས་ པ / Bānqīn Suǒnán Zhābā 班 钦 • 索南扎巴 , Bānchán Suǒnán Zhābā 班禅 • 索南 • 札巴
5. ↑ tbrc.org: bsod nams grags pa  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.