Ruby Tyrant

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Ruby Tyrant
Ruby Tyrant (Pyrocephalus rubinus) ♂

Ruby Tyrant ( Pyrocephalus rubinus ) ♂

Systematics
Subordination : Screeching Birds (Tyranni)
Family : Tyrants (Tyrannidae)
Subfamily : Fluvicolinae
Tribe : Fluvicolini
Genre : Pyrocephalus
Type : Ruby Tyrant
Scientific name
Pyrocephalus rubinus
( Boddaert , 1783)

The ruby tyrant ( Pyrocephalus rubinus ) is an American screeching bird. Other names for this bird are ruby head or purple tyrant .

features

Ruby Tyrant (Pyrocephalus rubinus) ♀ in Baños del Inca (Cajamarca)

The male is carmine-red on the head, chest and underside, and brown-black on the back, wings, rump, tail and mask. The female has a yellowish-brown upper side, a whitish forehead, a black tail, a salmon-colored belly and a white breast interspersed with brown. The twelve subspecies of the Ruby Tyrant vary in their plumage. For example, the birds in South America are almost completely dark in color, with individual red feathers around the head or under the tail.

Occurrence

The breeding area extends from the southern USA to Argentina . The southern populations overwinter in the Amazon , the northern in Central America . The bird lives in solitary trees, bushes and light forests, often in dry areas, mostly near water.

behavior

The ruby ​​tyrant chases past insects from a branch.

Reproduction

Ruby Tyrant ♀ with the brood

The shell nest made of thin twigs and grass is hung in a fork of a branch and is padded with animal hair and feathers. The female incubates the two to four eggs for around two weeks, while the male aggressively defends the nest. Both adult birds care for the young after they hatch. In a study carried out over four breeding seasons in Texas it was observed that the ruby ​​tyrant re-used nests that were already used for a second brood relatively often (in 12% of 120 cases). Surprisingly, the breeding success in the re-used nests was significantly higher.

Systematics

Ruby Tyrant ♀ and ♂ painted by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Pyrocephalus rubinus has been considered a monotypical species since 2016. Many of the subspecies listed below were added to the split species Pyrocephalus obscurus Gould , 1839.

  • Pyrocephalus rubinus ardens Zimmer, JT , 1941 - This subspecies occurs in north-central Peru .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus blatteus Bangs , 1911 - This subspecies occurs from southeast Mexico to Honduras .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus cocachacrae Zimmer, JT , 1941 - This subspecies is widespread in southwestern Peru to northern Chile .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus dubius Gould & Gray, GR , 1839 - The range of this subspecies is the island of San Cristóbal .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus flammeus Van Rossem , 1934 - The range of this subspecies is the southwest of the USA and the northwest of Mexico.
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus major pelts , 1868 - This subspecies occurs in southeastern Peru.
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater, PL , 1859 - The range of this subspecies is the southern central area of ​​the USA, as well as central and southern Mexico.
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould , 1839 - This subspecies occurs in the Galapagos Islands , but without the island of San Cristóbal.
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus obscurus Gould , 1839 - This subspecies is common in the Lima province .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus pinicola Howell, TR , 1965 - This subspecies occurs in Nicaragua .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus piurae Zimmer, JT , 1941 - The range of this subspecies is the western Colombia , the western Ecuador and the northwestern Peru.
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus ( Boddaert , 1783) - The nominate form occurs in eastern Bolivia , Paraguay , southeastern Brazil , Argentina and Uruguay .
  • Pyrocephalus rubinus saturatus by Berlepsch & Hartert , 1902 - This subspecies is common in northeast Colombia, Venezuela , Guyana and northern Brazil.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Guthrie S. Zimmerman, Rick R. Horton, Daniel R. Dessecker, R. J Gutiérrez: New Insight To Old Hypotheses. Ruffed Grouse Population Cycles . In: The Wilson journal of ornithology . tape 120 , no. 2 , June 2008, ISSN  1559-4491 , p. 239-247 , doi : 10.1676 / 07-050.1 , JSTOR : 20456140 .
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Tyrant flycatchers
  3. ↑ Ore Carmi et al. a. (2016), pp. 152-173.
  4. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 21.
  5. ^ Outram Bangs, p. 189.
  6. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 19.
  7. ↑ John Gould et al. a., p. 46.
  8. ^ Adriaan Joseph van Rossem, p. 353.
  9. ↑ August von Pelzeln, p. 115.
  10. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater, p. 45.
  11. ^ John Gould, p. 45, plate 7.
  12. ^ John Gould, p. 45.
  13. ^ Thomas Raymond Howell, p. 450.
  14. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 20.
  15. ↑ Pieter Boddaert, p. 42.
  16. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 34.

Remarks

  1. ^ Frank Dieter Steinheimer u. a. discussed in The zoology of the voyage of the HMS Beagle Part III. Birds: new avian names, their authorship and their dates details the authors and publication dates of this work.

literature

  • Colin James Oliver Harrison, Alan Greensmith (Eds.): Birds. With more than 800 kinds . Dorling Kindersley Limited, Starnberg 2005, ISBN 3-8310-0785-3 (first edition: 1994).
  • Bryan Richard: Birds over 400 species from around the world . Parragon, Bath 2006, ISBN 1-4054-5506-3 (Original title: Birds of the world . New York. Translated by Eva Dempewolf).
  • Pieter Boddaert: Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton: avec les denominations de MM de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés . NA, Utrecht 1783 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 38, The genera Oreotriccus, Tyrannulus, Acrochordopus, Ornithion, Leptopogon, Mionectes, Pipromorpha, and Pyrocephalus . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1126 , 1941, pp. 1–25 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 3.5 MB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Outram Bangs: Descriptions of new American birds . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 24 , 1911, pp. 187-190 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Adriaan Joseph van Rossem: Notes on some types of North American Birds . In: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History . tape 7 , no. 30 , 1934, pp. 347-362 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Ernst Hartert: On the Birds of the Orinoco region . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 9 , no. 1 , 1902, pp. 1–135 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Description of new Species of the American Family Tyrannidae . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 27 , no. 1 , 1859, p. 40-46 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • John Gould and George Robert Gray in Charles Darwin: The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, RN, during the years 1832–1836. Published with the Approval of The Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury . tape 3 , delivery 11. Smith, Elder & Co, London 1841 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • August von Pelzeln: On the ornithology of Brazil. Results of Johann Natterer's travels between 1817 and 1835 . A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn, Vienna 1871 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Thomas Raymond Howell: New Subspecies of Birds From the Lowland Pine Savanna of Northeastern Nicaragua . In: The Auk . tape 82 , no. 3 , 1965, p. 438–464 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1.5 MB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Frank Dieter Steinheimer, Edward Clive Dickinson, Michael Walters: The zoology of the voyage of the HMS Beagle Part III. Birds: new avian names, their authorship and their dates . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 126 , no. 3 , 2006, p. 40-46 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Ore Carmi, Christopher Cooper Witt. Alvaro Jaramillo, John Philip Dumbacher: Phylogeography of the Vermilion Flycatcher species complex: Multiple speciation events, shifts in migratory behavior, and an apparent extinction of a Galápagos-endemic bird species . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 102 , 2016, p. 152-173 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2016.05.029 .

Web links

Commons : Rubintyrann  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files