Black tarnishing blubber

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Black tarnishing blubber
Russula albonigra.jpg

Black tarnishing blubber ( Russula albonigra )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Black tarnishing blubber
Scientific name
Russula albonigra
( Krombh. ) Fr.

The black tarnishing deafness ( Russula albonigra ), also called menthol deafness or menthol black deafness , is a fungus from the family of deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It gets its name from its typical properties of turning completely carbon black and the typical menthol taste .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is white when young, but quickly turns brown and eventually turns black. It reaches a diameter of 5 to 15 centimeters. The middle of the hat is usually deepened like a funnel or only slightly depressed. The surface is often very greasy, but later dry. Sometimes the hat skin tears open in fields. It is difficult to remove.

The lamellae are initially almost white, but gradually turn blackish starting from the edge and the cutting edges. They are only a little denser in the edge area due to shorter lamellas, but they are not thick, but rather rigid. They run down a stick and are strongly forked.

The stem is also white at first, but later turns black. It's short but mostly thick. The drawing can look brownish dotted or reticulate-veined. The consistency is firm.

The flesh is whitish at first, but like the rest of the fruiting body, it soon turns black. When injured, it turns reddish or steel blue and then black. The taste is bitter rather than sharp; in some regions it can also be sharp. A characteristic menthol-like cool feeling arises on the tip of the tongue. The meat turns milky with acids and milky olive with lye ; it becomes salmon-red with formalin and greenish with iron sulfate .

Microscopic features

Spores of the tarnishing blubber

The spores are round, long-ellipsoidal or kidney-shaped . They are 7–9 µm long and 6–8 µm wide and have small warts up to 0.4 µm high, which are connected by fine lines so that they form a fairly well-developed network. The pleurocystids on the lamellae are slender and have a yellowish, oily content. Pileocystids are absent or do not stain with sulfobenzaldehyde . The cap skin is formed from flat lying, 2-6 µm wide hyphae . The hyphal end cells are 3–5 µm wide.

Species delimitation

The tarnishing deaf is well characterized by its menthol-like taste and the meat, which turns black when injured. Thus it is easy to distinguish from the other black deafnesses (section Compactae ) such as the similar dense-leaved black deafness . The thick-leaved black-and-white blotch also has thick, brittle and noticeably distant lamellae.

ecology

The blackening deafblings are like all deafblings a mycorrhizal fungus , which mainly forms a common mycorrhiza with spruce trees . But it can also enter into a symbiotic partnership with pines and deciduous trees such as the common beech .

The Täubling occurs in various forest communities. Above all in beech-beech forests , in coniferous forests such as: alpine lettuce-spruce forests , white moss-pine forests and spruce-bog forests , also in hornbeam-oak forests and mixed oak and oak forests. It can also be found in spruce and pine forests as well as in parks.

Usually it occurs on dry to moderately fresh, loose, sandy to loamy, rather (moderately) acidic soils. It can also be found over sands that are not too base-poor, crystalline primary rock and over gypsum, marl or lime. However, the species is only found above lime in places where a sufficiently thick layer of humus could develop due to suitable conditions. Such conditions are often found in woodruff beech forests as well as in expressions of the bedstraw pine forest .

The pigeons, which can be found from the lowlands to the middle mountain region, appear from late July to October.

distribution

European countries with found evidence of the black tarnishing Täubling.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The black tarnishing deafblings is a Holarctic species that occurs in North Asia (Caucasus, East Siberia, Japan) in North America (USA, Canada), in North Africa (Morocco) and in Europe. You can also find them in the southern hemisphere in Australia. The following table lists the countries in which the Täubling was reliably detected. The species is probably much more widespread.

    In Germany the Täubling occurs loosely from Holstein to the foothills of the Alps, but it is quite rare everywhere. The deafblings are not common in Switzerland either.

    Systematics

    The scientific species attribute ( epithet ) " albonigra " is derived from the Latin adjectives " albus " (white) and " niger " (black) and is an allusion to the young white and, with age, coal-black fruiting bodies.

    Inquirerous classification

    The blackening deafblings belongs to the sub-genus Compactae and here in the subsection Nigricantinae , in which the deafblings are summarized, the flesh of which turns red, gray or blackened when injured. It is closely related to the dense-leaved black-deaf ( Russula densifolia ) and the smoky-brown black-deaf ( Russula adusta ).

    Forms and varieties

    • Russula albonigra var. Pseudonigricans ( Romagn. ) Bon (1988)
    The Täubling was originally described as a shape by Romagnesi before Bon upgraded it to a variety. The sepia to brown-gray hat is 7–9 cm wide and has no bumps. The hat skin is silky and shiny and cannot be removed. The rather dense lamellae redden when injured, before blackening. The hard meat has a mild, non-menthol taste. In the cut it reddens quickly before slowly blackening. The fungus is found in deciduous forests.

    meaning

    The black tarnish pigeon is considered edible when young, but its taste is so inferior that many authors describe it as inedible.

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula albonigra - Species synonymy. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved September 6, 2011 .
    2. ↑ Russula albonigra ( Memento of the original from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at rogersmushrooms.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    3. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 434.
    4. ^ Russula albonigra. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 16, 2011 .
    5. ^ Russula albonigra. Pilzoek database, accessed December 13, 2011 .
    6. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    7. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    8. ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis, E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 4. (PDF; 599 kB) Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 104 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, pp. 39–42 , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    9. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 128.
    10. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: albus . In: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 291 ( zeno.org ).
    11. ↑ Karl Ernst Georges: niger . In: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 1156 ( zeno.org ).
    12. ↑ Monographic key of the russules of Europe ( Memento of July 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) on The Russulales website
    13. ↑ Russula albonigra var. Pseudonigricans. In: Russulales News. Retrieved July 13, 2011 .
    14. ↑ R. albonigra var. Pseudonigricans. (PDF) Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, p. 48 , accessed on July 13, 2011 (Spanish).
    15. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 54 .
    16. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 176 .

    Web links

    Commons : Black Tarnishing Täubling ( Russula albonigra )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files