Sabbatianism
The Sabbatianism is a by Shabbtai Zvi established and by Baruchia Russo (1676-1720) or Jacob Frank continuing messianic movement in Jewry , already in 1666, the entire Jewish Diaspora detected. It continues to this day in the Dönme founded by Russo , from which, in the 18th century, the last great wave inspired by Sabbatianism was the Polish-Lithuanian Frankism under Jakob Frank. One of the sequelae of Sabbatianism is the Eastern European Hasidism of Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer .
Justification under Zvi in Gaza
At the beginning of 1665, the ascetic young scholar Shabbtai Zvi came to the Kabbalist Nathan of Gaza in Gaza to receive spiritual instruction (a tikkun ) from him. But instead of the Tikkun, he gave him the message that he was the long-awaited Messiah . Zvi believed him and was from then on deeply convinced of his messianism. On May 31, 1665, while he was still in Gaza, he proclaimed that he was the true Messiah of the Jews. He symbolically appointed twelve Gaza parishioners to represent the twelve tribes of Israel . Zvi and Nathan of Gaza were able to cast a spell on masses of Jews who believed in the Messiah Zvi and saw in Nathan of Gaza the born again prophet Elijah , who according to tradition would accompany the Messiah. The cruel Jewish pogroms during the Khmelnyzkyi uprising in the Ukrainian-Belarusian Poland-Lithuania strengthened the Kabbalistic- mystical end-time expectations of the Jews and led to the rapid spread of Sabbatianism from Aleppo to Hamburg .
The aim of Zvis sabbatianism was the end of the unspeakable, medieval conditions in the diaspora , which shaped life in the ghetto . The plan was to overthrow the sultan and force salvation. In the end, the Ottoman authorities gave Shabbtai Zvi the choice between death or conversion to Islam . Zvi chose apostasy , superficially accepted Islam with his followers, and then continued to practice his Sabbatian faith as a crypto Jew .
literature
- Klaus S. Davidowicz : Between Prophecy and Heresy . Jakob Frank's life and teachings. 170 pages. Böhlau, Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 2004, ISBN 3-205-77273-3 .
- Markus Brann : Jewish history . Löwit-Verlag, Vienna 1903, Volume 4, pp. 48–51.
- Chaim Hasas : At the end of the days . 1934.
- Josef Kastein : Sabbatai Zewi. The Messiah of Ismir . Ernst Rowohlt-Verlag, Berlin 1930.
- Klaus Kienzler : Sabbathai Zewi. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 8, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-053-0 , Sp. 1142-1144.
- Salomon Polyakov: Sabbatai Zewi . Translated from the Russian by Z. Holm. Welt-Verlag, Berlin 1927.
- Gershom Scholem : Sabbatai Zwi. The mystical messiah . Jüdischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-633-54051-2 .
- Ludwig Storch : The Jacob's Star . Four parts. Sauerlander, Frankfurt am Main 1836.