Jewish pogrom

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A Jewish pogrom is a pogrom directed against Jews , as a result of which Jews were robbed, expropriated, driven out and also killed. The height of the violence against Jews was the Holocaust called genocide of at least 5.6 to 6.3 million people from 1941 to 1945.

history

middle Ages

The first major Jewish pogroms in medieval Europe occurred in the Islamic , Moorish part of the Iberian Peninsula . During the siege and sacking of Cordoba by the Berbers, around 2,000 Jews were killed in 1011. There were an even greater number of Jewish victims in 1033 in Fez , North Africa , where the Berbers under Tamim killed more than 6,000 Jews, enslaved their wives and took their property. In the 1066 massacre of Granada , around 4,000 Jews fell victim to a Muslim mob.

The first major persecution of Jews in Central Europe occurred at the time of the First Crusade (1096-1099). On November 27, 1095, Urban II had called the Christians at the Synod of Clermont to crusade to the Holy Land . The crusaders were supposed to drive out the local Muslims and take possession of the holy places for Christians in Jerusalem . The rich Jewish communities in particular were victims of the unorganized crusaders from France and West Germany. The actual crusade of the knights was preceded in spring 1096 by the people's or peasants' crusade . Those involved first decided to drive the Jews, who, like the Muslims, were regarded as enemies of Christianity from their own territories and to appropriate their property. The Jews living in the Rhineland were overrun by the 15,000 or so participants in the farmers' crusade who stayed there for a long time and were given the choice of “baptism or death”. Thousands who refused to convert to Christianity were slain. In Speyer, Worms and Mainz the first great pogroms against Jews in the West took place . In Mainz alone, a wild bunch under the leadership of Count Emicho von Leiningen murdered 700 Jews who had sought protection in the castle-like bishop's palace. Emperor Heinrich IV later called the perpetrators to account. The crusade army, led by Walter ohne Habe and Peter the Hermit , reached Constantinople in the summer of 1096, from there on to Jerusalem via Anatolia . The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos had the approximately 25,000 crusaders translated over the Bosporus to Asia Minor on August 6, 1096 . There the militarily inexperienced crusaders were wiped out by the Seljuks' cavalry ; only a few survived. The crusader armies themselves did not set out on a crusade to the “Holy Land” until autumn 1096. After the conquest of Jerusalem (1099) , the knights of the crusader army not only carried out a massacre among the Muslim inhabitants of the “Holy City”, but also murdered all members of the Jewish community in Jerusalem. They passed a law that banned Jews and Muslims from the city in the future.

In the late Middle Ages there were supraregional Jewish pogroms in German-speaking countries, starting in the Franconian region . During the "Rintfleisch pogrom" (1298) under the leadership of the Franconian nobleman Rintfleisch and during the Armleder Uprising (1336–1338) under the leadership of a robber baron who called himself "King Armleder", numerous Jewish communities were wiped out.

The so-called " plague pogroms " during the plague wave in the years 1348 to 1353 were particularly bad. The Jews were accused of poisoning the wells in order to murder all Christians . This belief was fueled by the fact that the Jews were not affected by the epidemic as much as the rest of the population; The reason for this was the ritual purity regulations they practiced. The Jews were mostly active in the interest and bill business or as pawnbrokers . The Christians, on the other hand, were not allowed to “ usury ” - lending money against interest  - because of the prohibition of interest issued by the Catholic Church ; Jews were only not allowed to do financial transactions with one another. After pogroms against the Jews and expulsions, the promissory notes they withheld were mostly declared invalid. The pogroms meant that afterwards there were hardly any Jews in Central Europe.

Early modern age

In the late Middle Ages, pogroms against the Jews broke out in the east of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1492, 27 Jews were sentenced to death by fire in the Sternberg host- molester trial in Mecklenburg . They died at the stake at the gates of Sternberg . After that, all Jews residing in the country were expelled. Only in 1679 were Jews allowed to resettle in the country. In 1510, the Mark Brandenburg followed the Mecklenburg example. As a result of the Berlin host-molester trial , 39 Jews were burned at the stake and two others - who had converted to Christianity through baptism - were beheaded. All the others had to leave the country after they had fought .

Another wave of organized pogroms occurred during the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the neighboring Christian kingdoms. The Reconquista began in 718 and ended in 1492 with the conquest of the Emirate of Granada as the last Muslim domain on the Iberian Peninsula. In the same year the Alhambra Edict was issued, in which it was ordered to expel all Jews from the territories of the Spanish Crown. Exceptions were Conversos , Jews who converted to Christianity.

During the Reformation, between 1517 and 1648, pogroms against the Jews were much rarer in the Holy Roman Empire, although the reformer Martin Luther himself had issued a pamphlet against the Jews in which he called for pogroms against the Jews , expulsions and burning of synagogues .

19th century

In 1819, beginning in Würzburg, anti-Jewish riots, the so-called Hep-Hep riots , took place in several cities of the German Confederation . The assassination attempt on Alexander II on July 1 . / March 13, 1881 greg. triggered numerous pogroms in southern Russia.

20th century

On April 6, 1903, there was also a pogrom in Bessarabia , Kishinev , in which 47 people died and which was deliberately stirred up by the publisher of the only newspaper Bessarabez (Бессарабецъ) and showed signs of an organized crime. The response to documentation of this incident in the world press has been violent, even within Russia. In July 1905, for example, a US petition was presented to the Tsar, but this had no effect on his policy. Under the influence of the event, Chaim Nachman Bialik wrote several poems, including the famous 1904 poem Be-Ir ha-Haregah ("In the city of slaughter"). In 1905 there was another pogrom in Bessarabia with 19 dead.

1941 pogrom in Bucharest

With the Nazi seizure of power began in the German Empire , the persecution of the Jews . The anti-Semitism in Germany took for them to existence-threatening forms. The Jews - who were considered “Jews” in the German Reich from 1935 onwards, defined the First Ordinance on the Reich Citizenship Law  - were exposed to increasing discrimination and National Socialist terror after the Reich Citizenship Act (1935) came into force . The November pogroms of 1938 initiated the planned expulsion of the Jews from Germany. Anti-Semitism reached its absolute peak in the Holocaust.

The Jedwabne massacre on July 10, 1941 and the Kielce pogrom on July 4, 1946 were pogroms in Poland.

In the Middle East , Jews were persecuted even after World War II . Since the founding of the state of Israel there has been an anti-Jewish atmosphere. During the armed conflicts between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the states involved deliberately stirred up anti-Semitic resentments that led to pogroms and massacres and subsequent waves of emigration.

causes

Jewish pogroms have religious, political and financial causes that can be summarized as " hostility to Jews ". They were often initiated by anti-Jewish myths such as the world conspiracy theory and the allegation of ritual murders , well poisoning and desecration of the host . Jewish pogroms were manifestations of anti-Judaism in the past up to the present.

Web links

Wiktionary: Judenpogrom  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Frederick M. Schweitzer, Marvin Perry: Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present. Palgrave Macmillan 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7 , pp. 267-268.
  2. ↑ Abu-Mohammed Assaleh: Historia dos soberanos mohametanos: the primeiras quatro dysnastias e de parte da quinta, que reinarao na Mauritania. Lisbon 1828, p. 117.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Leo Trepp: The Jews. People, history, religion. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1998, ISBN 3-499-60618-6 , p. 66.
  4. ↑ Karin Feuerstein – Praßer (fp): Pope Urban calls for a crusade. In: The Crusades, Battle for the Holy Land, Pilgrimage with the Sword. Journal G-Geschichte Edition: March / 07, pp. 16-19, (Sailer-Verlag Nürnberg, www.g-geschichte.de).
  5. ↑ a b c d Bruno Gloger: Crusades to the Orient. Kinderbuchverlag, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-358-00016-8 , p. 19 ff. (The raid against the Jews).
  6. ↑ a b c Karin Schneider-Ferber (ksf): The first crusade. Pilgrimage under arms. In: The Crusades, Battle for the Holy Land, Pilgrimage with the Sword. Journal G-Geschichte Edition: March / 07, p. 23 f. (The bloody fall of the People's Crusade).
  7. ↑ a b c Karen Armstrong: Jerusalem-the Holy City. 1st edition. Munich 1998, p. 391 ff.
  8. ↑ Bruno Gloger: Crusades to the Orient. Kinderbuchverlag Berlin, 1985, p. 29 ff. (The conquest of the Holy City).
  9. ^ Monika Grübel: Crash Course Judaism. DuMont, Cologne 2003 (5th edition), ISBN 3-8321-3496-4 , p. 71 f. (Section: Accusation of desecration of the host).
  10. ^ Fritz Backhaus: The host desecration processes of Sternberg (1492) and Berlin (1510) and the expulsion of the Jews from. In: Yearbook for Brandenburg State History. 39, pp. 7-26 (1988).
  11. ↑ a b c d Fritz Backhaus: The host desecration trials of Sternberg (1492) and Berlin (1510) and the expulsion of the Jews from Mecklenburg and the Mark Brandenburg. In: Yearbook for Brandenburg State History. Volume 39 (1988). Pp. 7-26.
  12. ^ Heinz Hirsch: Traces of Jewish Life in Mecklenburg. In: History of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania series, published by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania State Office, No. 4. Schwerin 2006, p. 12. ( digital copy ; PDF; 5.7 MB)
  13. ↑ Leo Trepp: The reconquest of Spain by the Christians - The Inquisition. In: The Jews. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1998, ISBN 3-499-60618-6 , p. 61/62.
  14. ^ Herman Rosenthal Max Rosenthal:  Kishinef, Anti-Semitic Riots. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1901-1906.
  15. ↑ Oxfordjournals (English) of July 21, 2008
  16. ↑ Klaus Brill Exorcism of Conscience Süddeutsche Zeitung January 2, 2013