Arm leather elevation

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With Armledererhebung or Armlederaufstand one of will francs outgoing insurgency rural and urban lower classes called that for a number of massacres of Jewish communities in southwestern Germany and in 1336 to 1338 Alsace was responsible.

history

The name of the Armleder pogroms is derived from the leader of the uprising, Arnold III. from Uissigheim , a "worn out nobleman", who was also called Rex Armleder or King Armleder . The starting point for the movement was - as was the case with the Rintfleisch pogrom in 1298 - Röttingen an der Tauber , where a massacre of the Jewish community was carried out on July 29, 1336 . In a few days, the movement expanded in the area between Tauber and Main and caused a bloodbath in various Jewish communities in smaller towns in Franconia ( Tauberbischofsheim , Mergentheim , Iphofen , Kitzingen and others). The Jewish thugs , as the marauding troop was also called, were initially able to be stopped near Ochsenfurt with the help of the Würzburg city ​​population . Armleder was arrested and executed on November 14, 1336 in Kitzingen.

In the summer of 1337, the arm leather movement flared up again and expanded from Franconia via Hesse to Alsace . Under the leadership of the innkeeper Hans Zimberlin , who also called himself King Armleder, and the nobleman Umbehoven von Dorlisheim , the crowd moved through Alsace and visited a large number of Jewish communities. He carried out massacres in various places, for example in Rouffach , Ensisheim , Mulhouse and Ribeauvillé . The movement only came to a standstill in Colmar in 1338, when the townspeople refused to hand over the Jewish residents and the rebels were driven out by imperial troops. As a result, the Bishop of Strasbourg and other princes recognized that the movement was not only a danger for the Jews and on August 28, 1339, concluded a peace treaty with Zimberlin in order to curb the gangs.

The arm leather massacres were, so to speak, a prelude to the persecution of the Jews at the time of the Black Death , which broke out ten years later across Central Europe.

literature

  • Christoph Cluse: There's blood in the shoe. An example of the persecution of Jews by "Rex Armleder". In: Friedhelm Burgard u. a. (Hgg): Liber Amicorum necnon et amicarum for Alfred Heit. Trier 1996, pp. 371-392.
  • Gerd Mentgen: Studies on the history of the Jews in medieval Alsace. Hannover 1995, pp. 348-360.
  • Friedrich Lotter: Accusation of host sacrilege and falsification of blood miracles in the persecution of Jews in 1298 ('Rintfleisch') and 1336-1338 ('Armleder'). In: Forgeries in the Middle Ages , Part 5: Fake letters, piety and forgery of realities . Monumenta Germaniae Historica Volume 33.5, Hannover 1988, pp. 533-583.
  • Klaus Arnold: The arm leather survey in Franconia 1336. In: Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch 26 (1974), pp. 35-62.
  • Siegfried Hoyer: The arm leather movement - a peasant revolt in 1336/1339. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 1 (1965), pp. 74-89.
  • Klaus Arnold: Arm leather survey . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 1, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1980, ISBN 3-7608-8901-8 , Sp. 983.
  • Georges Weill:  Arm leather. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica . 2nd Edition. Volume 2, Detroit / New York a. a. 2007, ISBN 978-0-02-865930-5 , pp. 476-477 (English).
  • Richard Gottheil , Gotthard GermanArmleder Persecutions. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1901-1906.

Individual evidence

  1. Friedrich Battenberg: The European Age of the Jews. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1990, p. 120
  2. Armleder refers to a leather armguard that was part of the armament of the townspeople in the late Middle Ages. Compare: Klaus Arnold: Armledererammlung. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA).
  3. ^ Klaus Arnold: Arm leather survey. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA).
  4. Zimberlin posed as a prophet who wanted to avenge Christ. See: Georges Weill: Armleder. , P. 467.
  5. a b Georges Weill: Armleder.