Gershom Scholem

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Gershom Scholem
Gershom Scholem in 1925.

Gershom Scholem ( Hebrew , גרשם שלוםborn on December 5, 1897 in Berlin as Gerhard Scholem ; died on February 21, 1982 in Jerusalem ) was a Jewish religious historian who published over 500 works in Ivrit , German and English. From 1933 he held a chair for research into Jewish mysticism at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is regarded as its rediscoverer.

Life

Origin and family

Scholem was born in 1897 as the fourth son of Betty, b. Hirsch (1866–1946) and Arthur Scholem (1863–1925) were born. His father ran a printing company that had been in the family for generations . The largely assimilated Jewish family of Silesian origin had lived in Berlin since the beginning of the 19th century. His father was involved in a non-Jewish gymnastics association until he was pressured to end his active membership. He worked on Yom Kippur , and other major holidays were not celebrated in the family.

Gershom's youth was shaped by the exchange with his two years older brother Werner , who later became a member of the Reichstag for the KPD . Werner and later Gerhard rebelled against their authoritarian father Arthur, who wanted to force them into a commercial career, even as they were young, although the business already had two successors: the oldest brothers Reinhold and Erich Scholem learned the business and took over the Scholem printing company around 1920.

schooldays

Scholem attended the Luisenstädtische Realgymnasium in Berlin from 1904 to 1915 . The examination of the extensive history of the Jews of Heinrich Graetz led him to Hebrew to learn. Initially self-taught, he later learned from Rabbi AJ Bleichrode, a great-grandson of Rabbi Akiba Eger . His choice for Zionism , which he made as a young person, led to further division with his father. It was incomprehensible to him that his son, with all his religious studies, did not want to at least become a rabbi . Gershom Scholem was briefly a member of Agudat Israel , but separated from this group when he realized that he was not interested in an orthodox life practice. In 1912 Scholem was active in the Young Juda group within the Jewish youth movement ; his brother Werner had introduced him there, but left the group soon after and turned to the socialist youth workers. He now also tried to win his younger brother over to Marxism , which led to fierce friction between the two - it was not until September 1914 that they came together again, as both of them resolutely rejected the national enthusiasm for war at the outbreak of the First World War . Around 1914 he became enthusiastic about the writings of Martin Buber . In 1915 and 1916 he was the editor of the journal Die Blau-Weiße Brille , which appeared only three times and was printed in his father's printing house.

Encounter with Walter Benjamin

In 1915 Scholem and Walter Benjamin met . They became friends that lasted until Benjamin's death in 1940. In this, Scholem admired the metaphysical ingenuity (spiritual power) from which he had later promised himself the renewal of metaphysics from the sources of Judaism - a hope that Benjamin, who developed into an unorthodox Marxist , could not fulfill. After the Second World War , Scholem published Benjamin's works with Theodor W. Adorno .

Clover, Angelus novus

The friendship between Scholem and Benjamin was based on a constant correspondence that was less emotional than philosophical and moral. In his memoirs, Scholem never denied that he was first a historian and philologist. He did not position himself clearly on the questions of Marxism that preoccupied Benjamin, but saw Benjamin as the better metaphysician. In Walter Benjamin - The Story of a Friendship , he describes the stages of their friendship with a sobriety that does not allow himself the slightest sentimentality or vanity.

A sheet by Paul Klee Angelus Novus describes the decades-long bond between the two thinkers who communicated on an equal footing. Walter Benjamin acquired the picture from Paul Klee in 1921 . One of Benjamin's most widespread texts on the concept of history refers (in thesis IX) to this drawing in watercolors. Scholem recalls: When he bought the picture, we had conversations about Jewish angelology, especially Talmudic and Kabbalistic. He found one of these ever new angels in the picture he loved so infinitely. Benjamin bequeathed the picture to his friend Scholem as early as 1932, who received it from Benjamin's estate.

First World War and military service

In June 1917 Scholem was called up for military service, but successfully turned himself insane ( Dementia praecox was diagnosed ) and was released after six weeks in an observation station and after a renewed examination in January 1918 permanently released, after which he was able to leave for Switzerland . His brother Werner, on the other hand, was a soldier for almost three years from June 1915 to November 1918, although as a socialist he resolutely opposed the war. During the war years Werner and Gershom Scholem maintained an intensive correspondence in which they criticized German war nationalism and increasingly came closer in their political positions: Werner expressed new sympathies for Zionism , and from 1917 even affirmed the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine after a British one Victories. Gershom, on the other hand, was enthusiastic about the Marxist criticism of German war society as it was practiced in the socialist youth movement and the USPD , and declared himself in favor of the Erfurt program of social democracy . However, the rapprochement between the brothers ended with the November Revolution of 1918: Werner took this as confirmation that a revolution in Germany was possible and with it an overcoming of anti-Semitism - he enthusiastically threw himself into the work of a revolutionary politician and rejected all Palestinian plans: the British war aims he no longer saw it as emancipation, but as imperialism . Gershom, on the other hand, who was already studying in Switzerland at the end of 1918, could do nothing more than “benevolent neutrality” for the German revolution and concentrated again on the intellectual appropriation of the Jewish heritage.

Education

After studying mathematics and philosophy with Gottlob Frege and Paul Ferdinand Linke at the University of Jena in 1917 and 1918 , Gershom Scholem studied oriental languages at the University of Bern from May 1918 to March 1922 . In 1922 he received his doctorate at the University of Munich with his dissertation on the Sefer ha-Bahir . In addition, he had passed the Prussian state examination in mathematics for a possible teaching activity in Palestine.

Emigration to Palestine

Political positions

Partly because of his partisanship for the socialist brother Werner, Gershom had to leave his father's household on March 1, 1917 upon written request and move to a kosher Berlin pension, where he met active Zionists from Eastern Europe. Out of these influences, he began his emigration to Palestine in September 1923 . This was a decision in favor of political Zionism and at the same time against the attempt to live as a Jew in Germany. As early as the early 1920s, Scholem came to the conclusion that the assimilation of Jews in Germany had finally failed. As a Jew, he could not and would not remain a German. He had learned this lesson from the history of oppression, including assimilated Judaism, in the 19th century. In Palestine he lived as a devout, non- Orthodox Jew . Politically, he saw himself as a member of the left. His brother's influence certainly had an effect here, although Gershom had already distanced himself from historical materialism and its evolutionary progressive thinking in correspondence during the war years . His socialism was therefore more individualistic, libertarian, and critical of the state. This is one of the reasons why Gershom Scholem endeavored from the beginning to achieve an understanding between Jews and Arabs in Palestine. From 1925 to 1933 he was a member of Brit Schalom , an association that sought the "rebirth" of the Jewish people and represented the policy of understanding. In 1931 this group was officially excluded from the Zionist Congress .

On December 5, 1923, on his 26th birthday, he married Elsa (Escha) Burchhardt, whom he had met in February 1918 in Heidelberg.

Professional and scientific activity

In Jerusalem, Scholem initially worked as a librarian after he had initially given up a position as a teacher. After the Hebrew University opened in April 1925, he taught Jewish mysticism . In 1933 a professorship was created for him .

In the late 1930s, Scholem was invited to lectures in New York City . This resulted in his first major work, the book Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1941), written in English . As a participant in numerous Eranos conferences, he sought dialogue with researchers from other religious traditions.

After Scholem's first marriage with Escha Burchhard was divorced in the summer of 1936, Scholem married again on December 4 of the same year. Fania Freud (born 1909 in Buschatsch , died 1999 in Jerusalem) emigrated to Palestine in the late 1920s and studied with Scholem.

After the establishment of the state of Israel , Scholem was a respected citizen of the state and friends of its first president and prime minister. In 1958 Scholem received the Israel Prize . In 1962 he became an honorary citizen of Jerusalem and from 1968 to 1974 he was President of the Israel Academy of Sciences .

Scholem himself was no longer concerned with philosophy, he no longer took philosophy very seriously. The diaries, together with essays and drafts , which were only published after his death, show how seriously he thought about logical and epistemological questions in the early years , how deeply he speculated about the great metaphysical problems. He also kept a critical distance from psychoanalysis , a topic that preoccupied him without having subjected himself to any analysis. Another area of ​​interest was the exploration of the former Jewish half-world in the European diaspora.

Instead, Scholem was the real rediscoverer of Kabbalah , which was largely forgotten in Reform Judaism and was disregarded by Judaic Studies . Scholem founded the academic research into Jewish mysticism, to which he devoted most of his life's work. Numerous abstracts of the Kabbalah or of Jewish mysticism in general follow Scholem's works in terms of content. However , he was expressly not interested in number mysticism , a part of Kabbalah.

In 1970 Scholem was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1977 he received the Bialik Prize for his life's work . In the same year, under the title From Berlin to Jerusalem, his youthful memories appeared, which attracted great attention in Germany. Gershom Scholem dedicated the autobiographical work to his brother Werner , who was arrested in 1933 and murdered in Buchenwald concentration camp in July 1940. Gershom had tried in vain to save his brother's life by obtaining a visa for British Palestine.

Visits to the Federal Republic

After the end of World War II, Scholem often traveled to Germany , first in 1946 on behalf of the Hebrew University, in search of the Jewish libraries and collections stolen by the National Socialists. Later he came frequently in connection with the edition of Benjamin's Gesammelte Schriften , also because of his own work, for which he opened up new sources in Germany.

In the academic year 1981/82 he was a fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin and thus a member of the first year of the college. For Scholem, the mass extermination in Auschwitz and Buchenwald was unique and at the same time consistently emerged from German history. The attempt to exterminate the Jews marks a historical dividing line, according to which both peoples could not continue to live as before, the Germans even less than the Jews. He called the “German-Jewish conversation” an “illusion” because “conversation with the dead is no longer possible”.

"Only in remembering the past [...] can new hope for restitution of the language between Germans and Jews, for reconciliation of the divorced, germinate"

Reception and effect

In 1951 there was a falling out with Jacob Taubes , who had been his assistant until then. The dispute began on personal issues, but turned into a substantive dispute about the differences between Christian and Jewish messianism. The later FU professor Taubes from Berlin accused Scholem of exaggerated polarization between the two religions and disregard of the respective historical contexts. Scholem responded to a request from Taubes, who wanted to publish a critical commemorative publication in Scholem's honor:

“You are utterly mistaken about me. What has separated us irreparably for 25 years is by no means one of the 'vanities of academic life', but rather existential decisions of my life (not of the academic, but of the moral, if I may allow myself the word). . . But I do not want to leave any doubt that I will not take part in any book that deals with me critically, honorably or politely and in which you, Herr Taubes, participate as editor or author. . . In sad memories and good wishes for your health. . . "

He wrote to his friend and publisher Siegfried Unseld about the award of the Golden Order Pour le Mérite by the Federal Republic of Germany:

“There I will wear the gold instead of the yellow mark on my chest, which after my death has to go back to the Federal Republic according to the statutes. So far I have not been told what happens if the medal is stolen because of the break-in of the gold. "

Awards

Works

  • The book of Bahir . A written memorial from the early days of Kabbalah based on the critical new edition by Gerhard Scholem. Series 'Sources and Research on the History of Jewish Mysticism', ed. by Robert Eisler , Drugulin-Vlg., Leipzig 1923. New edition Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1969; 4th edition 1989, ISBN 3-534-05049-5 .
  • Jewish mysticism in its main currents . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-518-27930-0 .
  • The secrets of creation. A chapter from the Zohar . Schocken Verlag, Berlin 1935 (= Schocken Verlag library 40); New edition: Insel Verlag, Frankfurt / Main 1971 (= Insel-Bücherei 949).
  • Origin and Beginnings of Kabbalah. Verlag de Gruyter, Berlin 1962.
  • From the mystical figure of the deity. Studies on the basic concepts of Kabbalah. Rhein-Vlg., Zurich 1962.
  • On the Kabbalah and its symbolism . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-518-27613-1 .
  • Sabbatai Zevi . The mystical Messiah , trans. by Angelika Schweikhart. Jewish Vlg., Frankfurt a. M. 1992, ISBN 3-633-54051-2 .
  • About some basic concepts of Judaism. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1970.
  • The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality. Schocken Books, New York 1971.
  • Judaica 1-6 , Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt, Vol. 1: 1968; Vol. 2: 1970; Vol. 3: 1973; Vol. 4, ed. by Rolf Tiedemann , 1984; Vol. 5, ed., Translated from the Hebrew. and with an afterward by Michael Brocke, 1992, vol. 6, ed., from the Hebr. trans. and with an after. by Peter Schäfer in collaboration with Gerold Necker and Ulrike Hirschfelder, 1997.
  • Walter Benjamin - the story of a friendship . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-518-01467-6 .
  • Walter Benjamin and his angel. 14 essays and small contributions , ed. by Rolf Tiedemann. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-518-57634-8 .
  • Literature and rhetoric. Literature, culture, gender. Small series vol. 15 (edited by Stéphane Mosès). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-412-04599-3 .
  • From Berlin to Jerusalem. Youth memories , extended version, from the Hebrew by Michael Brocke and Andrea Schatz. Jüdischer Vlg., Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-633-54086-5 .
  • Diaries with essays and drafts up to 1923 , ed. by Karlfried Gründer and Friedrich Niewöhner . Jüdischer Vlg., Frankfurt am Main, 1st half-volume: 1913–1917, 1995, ISBN 3-633-54091-1 ; 2nd half-volume: 1917–1923, 2000, ISBN 3-633-54139-X .
  • “There is a secret in the world.” Tradition and Secularization , ed. by Itta Shedletzky. Jewish Vlg., Frankfurt a. M. 2002, ISBN 3-633-54183-7 .
  • Letters , CH Beck, Munich, Vol. 1: 1914-1947, ed. from Itta Shedletzky , 1994; Vol. 2: 1948-1970, ed. by Thomas Sparr , 1995; Vol. 3: 1971-1982, ed. by Itta Shedletzky, 1999.
  • Letters to Werner Kraft , ed. by Werner Kraft, with an afterword by Jörg Drews . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-518-03097-3 .
  • Betty Scholem / Gershom Scholem, mother and son in correspondence 1917–1946 , ed. by Itta Shedletzky in conjunction with Thomas Sparr. CH Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-33795-3 .
  • "... and everything is Kabbalah." Gershom Scholem in conversation with Jörg Drews. edition text + kritik, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-88377-031-0 .
  • Research into Kabbalah. Original sound recordings 1967 , ed. v. Thomas Knoefel and Klaus Sander. 2 CD set. supposé, Cologne 2006, ISBN 978-3-932513-66-4 .
  • Ernst Jünger, Gershom Scholem: Correspondence 1975–1981. With an essay by Detlev Schöttker “Maybe we can't do without miracles.” On the correspondence between Jünger and Scholem . In: Sinn und Form , issue 3/2009 , pp. 293–308.
  • Hannah Arendt and Gershom Scholem: Der Briefwechsel 1939–1964 , ed. by Marie Luise Knott with the assistance of David Heredia; Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2010 ISBN 978-3-633-54234-5 .
  • Poetica: writings on literature, translations and poems . Edited by Herbert Kopp-Oberstebrink, Hannah Markus, Martin Treml and Sigrid Weigel. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2019. ISBN 3-633-54292-2

literature

(Alphabetical)

  • Scholem, Gershom. In: Lexicon of German-Jewish Authors . Volume 19: Sand – Stri. Edited by the Bibliographia Judaica archive. De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2012, ISBN 978-3-598-22699-1 , pp. 132-147.
  • Theodor W. Adorno : Greetings to Gershom G. Scholem. For the 70th birthday. In: Adorno. Collected Writings. Vol. 20: Mixed writings, Frankfurt a. M. 1986, p. 478 ff.
  • Steven E. Aschheim: Scholem, Arendt , Klemperer : Intimate Chronicles in Turbulent Times. Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2001 ISBN 0-253-33891-3 (Italian: G. Scholem, H. Arendt, V. Klemperer. Tre ebrei tedeschi negli anni bui La Giuntina, Firenze.)
  • David Biale: Gershom Sholem, master of the Kabbalah. Yale University Press , New Haven 2018 (using partially unpublished diary texts and letters)
  • Saverio Campanini: A Case for Sainte-Beuve. Some Remarks on Gershom Scholem's Autobiography. In: P. Schäfer, R. Elior (edd.): Creation and Re-Creation in Jewish Thought. Festschrift in Honor of Joseph Dan on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2005, pp. 363-400
  • Saverio Campanini: Some Notes on Gershom Scholem and Christian Kabbalah. In J. Dan (ed.): Gershom Scholem in Memoriam. Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought, 21 (2007), pp. 13–33
  • Jürgen Habermas : On the historical figure of Gershom Scholem. In: “Munich Contributions to Jewish History and Culture”, Issue 2, Munich 2007
  • Jürgen Habermas: Gershom Scholem. The Torah in Disguise (1978). In: Habermas: Philosophical-political profiles, 3rd edition, Frankfurt a. M. 1981, p. 377 ff.
  • Jürgen Habermas: Tracking down the other in history in history. To Gershom Scholem's “ Sabbatai Zwi ”. In: Habermas: From sensual impression to symbolic expression. Philosophical essays. Frankfurt a. M. 1997, p. 73 ff.
  • Ralf Hoffrogge : utopias on the edge. The correspondence between Werner Scholem and Gershom Scholem in the years 1914–1919. In: Writing in War - Writing from War. Field post in the age of world wars. Klartext-Verlag Essen 2011 ISBN 978-3-8375-0461-3 , pp. 429-440
  • Ralf Hoffrogge, Werner Scholem - a political biography (1895-1940) , UVK Verlag, Konstanz 2014
  • Eric Jacobson: Metaphysics of the Profane. The Political Theology of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem. Columbia University Press, New York 2003 ISBN 0-231-12657-3
  • Herbert Kopp-Oberstebrink:  Scholem, Gershom. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , pp. 442-444 ( digitized version ).
  • G. Necker, E. Morlok, M. Morgenstern (Eds.), Gershom Scholem in Germany. Kinship and speechlessness, Tübingen 2014
  • George Prochnik : Stranger in a Strange Land: Searching for Gershom Scholem and Jerusalem . London: Granta, 2016
  • Peter Schäfer and Gary Smith [Eds.]: Gershom Scholem. Between the disciplines. With contributions by Amos Funkenstein , Joseph Dan , R. J. Zwi Werblowsky [u. a.], Suhrkamp , Frankfurt a. M. 1995 ISBN 3-518-11989-3
  • Markus Malo: Claimed subjectivity. A sketch on the German-language Jewish autobiography in the 20th century. Conditio Judaica series, 74th Niemeyer, Tübingen 2009
  • Stéphane Mosès and Sigrid Weigel [eds.]: Gershom Scholem. Literature and rhetoric. With contributions by Moshe Idel , Pierre Bouretz , Thomas Macho [u. a.], Böhlau, Cologne 2000 ISBN 3-412-04599-3
  • Rolf Tiedemann : Memory of Scholem. In: Frankfurter Adorno Blätter V, Munich 1998, p. 196 ff.
  • Daniel Weidner : Gershom Scholem - Political, esoteric and historiographical writing. Wilhelm Fink, Munich 2003 ISBN 978-3-7705-3754-9
  • Mirjam Triendl-Zadoff : Among brothers - Gershom and Werner Scholem. From the utopias of youth to everyday Jewish life between the wars. In: Munich Contributions to Jewish History and Culture. Volume 1, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 56-66
  • Noam Zadoff: From Berlin to Jerusalem and back. Gershom Scholem between Israel and Germany. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 2020 ISBN 978-3-5255-7035-7

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Gershom Scholem: Due conversazioni con Gershom Scholem su Israele, gli ebrei e la qabbalah . Ed .: Gianfranco Bonola, introduzione Friedrich Niewöhner. No. 31 . Quodlibet Edizioni, Macerata 2001, ISBN 88-86570-55-4 , pp. 22, 27 ff., 33 ff., 40 ff., 95-102, 125, 129 .
  2. ↑ Cf. Gershom Scholem, From Berlin to Jerusalem - Jugenderinnerungen, extended edition, Frankfurt am Main 1997.
  3. ↑ Ralf Hoffrogge, Werner Scholem - a political biography (1895-1940) , UVK Verlag, Konstanz 2014.
  4. ↑ Ralf Hoffrogge, Werner Scholem - a political biography (1895–1940) , UVK Verlag, Konstanz 2014, pp. 26–35.
  5. ↑ See correspondence from September 1914, printed in: Gershom Scholem - Betty Scholem: Mother and Son in Correspondence. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 1989; on Werner Scholem's positions cf. also Ralf Hoffrogge: Werner Scholem - a political biography (1895-1940). UVK Verlag, Konstanz 2014, p. 43ff.
  6. ^ Carl Dahlhaus in DIE ZEIT of November 28, 1975
  7. ↑ Astrid Nettling: A storm blows from paradise. In Deutschlandfunk on February 10, 2016
  8. ↑ See Ralf Hoffrogge: Utopien am Abgrund. The correspondence between Werner Scholem and Gershom Scholem in the years 1914-1919 . In: Writing in War - Writing from War. Field post in the age of world wars. Klartext-Verlag Essen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8375-0461-3 , pp. 429-440; and Ralf Hoffrogge, Werner Scholem - a political biography (1895-1940) , UVK Verlag, Konstanz 2014, pp. 41-135; and Mirjam Zadoff : Among Brothers - Gershom and Werner Scholem. From the utopias of youth to everyday Jewish life between the wars. In: Munich Contributions to Jewish History and Culture. Volume 1, Issue 2, 2007, ISSN  1864-385X , pp. 56-66.
  9. ↑ Betty Scholem, Gershom Scholem: Mother and Son in Correspondence 1917–1946 . Munich: CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 539.
  10. ↑ Ralf Hoffrogge, Werner Scholem - a political biography (1895-1940) , UVK Verlag, Konstanz 2014, p. 49.
  11. ↑ See e.g. B. Betty Scholem, Gershom Gerhard Scholem, Itta Shedletzky (eds.): Mother and Son in Correspondence 1917–1946 , publication by the Leo Baeck Institute, CH Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-33795-3 , p. 539 ( available on Google Books ).
  12. ↑ From Berlin to Jerusalem. Youth memories , extended version, from the Hebrew by Michael Brocke and Andrea Schatz. Jüdischer Vlg., Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-633-54086-5 .
  13. ↑ See wiko.de , archive link.
  14. ^ Gershom Scholem: Letters . 1948-1970. tape II . CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-38298-3 , p. 87–89 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed April 11, 2012]).
  15. ^ Gershom Scholem: Letters . 1948-1970. tape II . CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-38298-3 , p. XVI ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed April 11, 2012]).
  16. ↑ Who are you, what do you want, what can you do? Gershom Scholem wasn't a man for rasping licorice: the letters of his last years show it. FAZ from 09/17/1999 by CHRISTOPH SCHULTE
  17. ↑ Who are you, what do you want, what can you do? Gershom Scholem wasn't a man for rasping licorice: the letters of his last years show it. FAZ from 09/17/1999 by CHRISTOPH SCHULTE
  18. ^ Past Members: GG Scholem. Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, accessed 29 July 2020 .
  19. ^ Fellows: Gershom Scholem. British Academy, accessed July 28, 2020 .
personal data
SURNAME Scholem, Gershom
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Scholem, Gerhard; Sholem, Gershom
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Israeli university professor, researcher of Jewish mysticism
DATE OF BIRTH December 5, 1897
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH February 21, 1982
Place of death Jerusalem