Jewish youth movement

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Various Jewish youth associations of the German Empire and the Weimar Republic are summarized under the name Jewish youth movement , the content and forms of which were influenced by the German youth movement and at the same time referred to specifically Jewish elements. The leagues of the Jewish youth movement followed the developments of the German youth movement in only a short period of time, initially forms of the wandering bird , later of the Bündische Jugend and the young society were adopted.

With the increasing persecution of Jews in the German Reich between 1933 and 1939, the possibilities of the Jewish youth leagues were increasingly restricted until they were banned in 1939. Numerous members of the Bünde were murdered in the extermination camps . A double exception is the Hashomer Hatzair , which was the only noteworthy association of the Jewish youth movement outside the German Reich and which still exists today because of its international orientation.

The political orientation of the Jewish leagues was inconsistent and changed over time. At the beginning it was dominated by assimilated Judaism, while later mainly Zionist and socialist ideas shaped the leagues. In addition, there were always groups of religious Judaism.

history

In its early stages, the Wandervogel movement accepted boys regardless of their religion. In 1904, the movement split into different societies, some of which, such as the , German Bund wanderer already in its name a reference to the Germans manufactured. At the same time, ideas of the Dürerbund and the Pan-German Association gained supporters in the Wandervogel movement. In the following years, the Wandervogel movement oriented itself more and more closely to the Volkish movement . The Austrian Wandervogel declared in 1913: "That is why we (...) announced that we do not want to see Slavs , forests , or Jews in our ranks, because we have to preserve our racial purity, surrounded by strangers and interspersed with mongrels."

The first Jewish youth association, which was soon followed by foundings in Hamburg, Frankfurt am Main, Lörrach and Bremen, was founded in Stuttgart in 1892. Against the background of the experience of being undesirable in the migratory bird movement, further local Jewish hiking groups emerged in the first decade of the 20th century, such as the Wroclaw Hiking Club 1907 . In 1912, its founder, Joseph Marcus, proposed the establishment of youth groups similar to migrating birds at the delegates' day of the Zionist Association for Germany . In the same year, blue-white associations were formed in several places , which in 1913 merged with the hiking club in 1907 to form Blau-Weiß, Bund für Jüdisches Jugendwandern in Deutschland . As a result of an anti-Semitic incident in a group of wandering birds from Zittau , which was picked up by the media in the German Reich, blue-white was already very popular in the year it was founded. When the war broke out in 1914, Blau-Weiß had around 900 members; by the end of the First World War , the number of members grew to around 3,000. Inspired by this successful establishment in the German Reich, a hiking association of the same name emerged in Austria.

Although Blau-Weiß was disbanded as early as 1925/26 after a failed settlement project in Palestine , its development outlined that of most of the other Jewish youth unions: the emergence as a reaction to external influences, the development of its own youthful style and the turn to Palestine and Aliyah are typical of the Jewish youth movement. From the remaining groups of blue and white , several other Jewish youth groups emerged, which went through similar development steps.

Unlike the non-Jewish youth organizations, Jewish federations were after the seizure of power not resolved by the Nazis, but they had to the National Committee of the Jewish youth organizations connect. The focus of the work now increasingly shifted to Hechaluz and the emigration to Palestine, for which several Hachsharah camps were set up by the confederations , which were also used for training against National Socialist ideology. The leagues of the Jewish youth movement were able to continue working in these forms until 1938, when they had to completely switch their work to emigration due to the intensified persecution following the November pogroms in 1938 . At the beginning of 1939 the Jewish youth leagues were banned. Individual groups continued their work within the framework of the Hachsharah camps until 1943, although the emigration of Jews from the German Reich had already been banned in 1941 and the camps had been converted into forced labor camps . The Hachscharah-Gut Landwerk Neuendorf in Neuendorf im Sande in the now unofficial community of Steinhöfel was the last of the camps to be closed on April 8, 1943, and the 160 people were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.

A group from this area that continued to exist in the underground in Berlin after the factory action on February 27, 1943 was the Chug Chaluzi around Jizchak Schwersenz .

Several thousand young Jews were able to emigrate to Palestine through the Youth Aliyah and the Hajsharah. Through them, forms of youth movement were introduced into the Israeli youth associations such as the Boy Scouts , which thus continue the Jewish youth movement.

In addition, there was often overlap in the 1930s between resistance groups originating from the labor movement , for example the KPD , the KPO , the IKD and the ISK on the one hand and Jewish youth organizations such as the German-Jewish traveling association "Kameraden" , the Werkleuten or the Hashomer Hatzair on the other. The best known of these resistance groups is the one around Herbert Baum , which formed around 1933 and was smashed on May 18, 1942 after the arson attack on the Nazi propaganda exhibition " The Soviet Paradise ".

League of the Jewish youth movement

Similar to the non-Jewish youth movement, the Jewish youth movement was shaped by a large number of different groups, some of which only existed for a short time, merged with one another or split off from other groups. The umbrella organizations of the various associations acted as the

  • Association of Jewish Youth Associations in Germany (VJJD), founded in 1909
  • The above-mentioned Reich Committee of Jewish Youth Associations had already existed as an umbrella organization before 1933, after Adler-Rudel as an initiative from the circles of Jewish youth. “The numerous youth organizations that mostly came into being during the Weimar Republic had come together in 1924 to form an umbrella organization, the 'Reich Committee of Jewish Youth Associations'. This umbrella organization, which in 1933 had 15 youth associations with around 600 local groups and around 40,000 members, proved itself in its effectiveness as a youth advisory board for the Central Welfare Office of German Jews . The management was in the hands of Dr. Ludwig Tietz and Dr. Georg Lubinski. "

The most important frets were:

See also

literature

  • Lothar Bembenek: Werner T. Angress, Paul Yogi Mayer and Guy Stern. In: Barbara Stambolis (ed.): Jugendbewegt coined , V&R UniPress, Göttingen, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0004-1 , pp. 69-88.
  • Suska Döpp: Jewish youth movement in Cologne 1906-1938 , LIT, Münster, 1997, ISBN 978-3-8258-3210-0 .
  • Jutta Hetkamp: The Jewish Youth Movement in Germany from 1913–1933. LIT, Münster 1994. ISBN 3-89473-797-2 .
  • Werner Kindt (Hrsg.): Documentation of the youth movement.
    • Vol. 2: The Wandervogelzeit. Sources for the German youth movement 1896-1919. Diedrichs, Düsseldorf 1968.
    • Vol. 3: The German youth movement 1920 to 1933. The Bündische Zeit. Diedrichs, Düsseldorf 1974, ISBN 3-424-00527-4 .
  • Irmgard Klönne: German, Jewish, Bündisch. Memory of the Jewish youth movement expelled from Germany. Puls 21. Verlag der Jugendbewegung, Witzenhausen 1993, ISSN  0342-3328
  • Bodo Mrozek : Brief portraits of Jewish youth groups, in: Wilfried Löhken u. Werner Vathke: Jews in the Resistance. Three groups between the struggle for survival and political action, Berlin 1939–1945 . Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-89468-068-7 .
  • Ulrike Pilarczyk: Community in Pictures. Jewish youth movement and Zionist educational practice in Germany and Palestine / Israel , Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8353-0439-0 . (= Hamburg contributions to the history of German Jews , vol. 35; full text )
  • Eliyahu Kutti Salinger: Next year in the kibbutz. The Jewish-Chaluzi youth movement in Germany between 1933 and 1943. KoWAG, Paderborn 1998, ISBN 3-933577-01-2 .
  • Andreas Winnecken: A case of anti-Semitism. On the history and pathogenesis of the German youth movement before the First World War. Science and politics, Cologne 1991, ISBN 3-8046-8770-9 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Winnecken. P. 34.
  2. ↑ quoted from Winnecken. P. 39 f.
  3. ^ Suska Döpp: Jewish youth movement in Cologne 1906-1938 , p. 63.
  4. ↑ Winnecken. P. 101 ff.
  5. ↑ Kindt. Vol. 2, p. 728 ff.
  6. ^ Salinger. P. 13 ff.
  7. ^ Salinger. P. 157.
  8. ↑ Rosa Luxemburg Foundation : A Fürstenwalder Story (PDF; 38 kB)
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Walter H. Pehle (Ed.): Lexicon of German Resistance. 2., through Ed . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1994, pp. 189-190.
  10. ^ Salinger. P. 222.
  11. ^ Arnold Pauker: German Jews in the Resistance 1933-1945. Facts and Problems (2nd edition) . German Resistance Memorial Center, Berlin 2003, pp. 17–18. 21–27 and 31–34, PDF here .
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Benz / Walter H. Pehle (Ed.): Lexicon of German Resistance. 2., through Edition . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1994, pp. 225-227.
  13. ↑ Carolin Huber: Jewish Childhood and Youth in National Socialist Germany , p. 62.
  14. ^ Salomon Adler-Rudel : Jewish self-help under the Nazi regime 1933-1939. In the mirror of the reports of the Reich Representation of Jews in Germany , JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen, 1974, ISBN 3-16-835232-2 , pp. 9-10.
  15. ↑ Suska Döpp: Jewish youth movement in Cologne 1906-1938 , p. 104 (quoted from Google Books).
  16. ↑ Encyclopedia.com: Betar (B'rith Trumpeldor)
  17. ↑ Carolin Huber: Jewish Childhood and Youth in National Socialist Germany , p. 62.
  18. ↑ For the Schwarzes Fähnlein and the Blaue Schar see: Lothar Bembenek: Werner T. Angress, Paul Yogi Mayer and Guy Stern
  19. ^ Association of German-Jewish Youth (BDJJ)
  20. ↑ Manfred Voigts: Esra. An Orthodox Jewish Youth Association 1919 to 1933 . More in detail: Benjamin Benno Adler: Esra. The history of an Orthodox-Jewish youth association during the Weimar Republic , Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2001, ISBN 978-3-447-04433-2 .