Black court lady

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Margarete Renner (* around 1475 in Böckingen ; † 1535 ), known as the Black Hofmännin , came from the village of Böckingen (today a district of Heilbronn ) and is the only woman known by name who actively participated in the peasant wars of the 16th century.

Live and act

Birth and parentage

Margarete Renner was born in a house on Schafgasse (today Stedinger Straße), Hof Rosenberger, and came from an old Böckingen family: In 1430 a letter of inheritance for the Schöntal monastery was issued in the name of Klaus Renner . In 1454 Klaus and Elisabeth Renner received the Wittumsgüter as a fief from Konrad von Böckingen . In 1459, Renner belonged to a twelve-member judges' college.

Marriage and litigation

Margarete married Peter Abrecht († 1523), a Hofmann (landlord) from Böckingen, through whom she received her nickname Black Hofmännin . In 1520 Peter Abrecht was sentenced to imprisonment by the Heilbronn City Council for refusing to pay the estimate . Margarete then lodged a complaint with her personal lords, Mr. von Hirschhorn , Georg, Philipp and Engelhard von Hirschhorn. She asked the von Hirschhorn gentlemen to protect them against the perversion of justice on the part of the Heilbronn council, whose actions had been illegal for 11 years. Until 1523, Margarete Renner persistently refused both to settle the claim regarding the appraisal and to perform labor services. The Heilbronn council thereupon instructed Böckingen to withhold her pasture, water and other village rights until the claim was settled.

Peasants' War

During the peasant rebellion in the Heilbronn area in 1525, Margarete Renner accompanied Jäcklein Rohrbach and appeared during the Weinsberg bloody deed and the Battle of Böblingen on May 11, 1525. For example, after the storm on Weinsberg, she is said to have asked the farmers to use the belly fat of Count von Helfenstein to grease their skewers and forks against rust and to smear their shoes with it.

She did not fight herself, but called on the farmers to fight. According to Heilbronn's Hans Berlin , she is said to have demanded that Heilbronn should become a village like Böckingen and that no stone should be left unturned. In a painting Margherete Renner is shown raising her hands in front of the city walls of Heilbronn and blessing the kneeling farmers:

"They should draw boldly, they have blessed them, that neither spears nor helmets or sockets like anything inside ... bosses and boys ... strangle and stretch what is about Haylprun, and the stinking gna (e) digen frawen die hot (clothes) Cut off the ass that you gon like the scrap (plucked) gens "

About Hans Berlin, who read the Amorbach Declaration in Böckingen , she said that he should be murdered immediately because he was doing nothing with them other than "defrauding and betraying".

Prison and death

In contrast to Jäcklein Rohrbach, she survived the suppression of the uprising and was imprisoned in Heilbronn, from which she is said to have been released on the intercession of her host on the grounds that her only offense was in her “onverhutten mont” (unprotected mouth), and that the "frowlich gender iren do not act with a message then with their mouths and with the works no more pressure".

She died of natural causes in 1535.

Artistic reception

Detail of the Black Courtwoman by Dieter E. Klumpp

The black court lady , also known as the “first German revolutionary”, is accorded courage and cruelty in literature. It has repeatedly become the subject of artistic creation:

  • In 1894, the writer Julius Wolff published Das Schwarze Weib - a novel from the Peasant War , in which Margarete Renner appears as Judica . By William Zimmermann following passage is from his book General History of the great Peasants' War (1841-1843): "Black oppressed woman from the hut on the Neckar, with the strong wild soul full of passion, equally strong in hate and love, with your God want it in your mouth, and with your spirit of freedom, slaughter and vengeance, how did you live in saga and history, in song and speech, would your cause have been victorious, or at least it did not belong to the peasant's hut! "
  • Inspired by Zimmermann's historiography, Käthe Kollwitz created a cycle of images on the peasant war, the fifth sheet of which, Losbruch , depicts Margarete Renner as a cheering incitator .
  • Wilhelm Hugo Klink wrote a drama from the Peasants' War in four acts in her honor in May 1912 .
  • The Schwarze Hofmännin sculpture , a Jura limestone work by Dieter E. Klumpp , has stood in the Böckingen district of Heilbronn since 1986 . A preliminary study for this red sandstone sculpture is on the Wein-Panorama-Weg on the Wartberg in Heilbronn.
  • In 2017 Klemens Ludwig published a novel about the black court lady.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heilbronn document books , Volume I, No. 422
  2. ↑ Heilbronn document books , Volume I, No. 721
  3. ↑ Heilbronn document books , Volume III, No. 2579
  4. ↑ Heilbronn document books , Volume III, No. 2579
  5. ↑ From the peasant uprising in Württemberg 1525 . Walter-Verlag, Grafenau 1976
  6. ↑ Christhard Schrenk , Hubert Weckbach , Susanne Schlösser: From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history (=  publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Volume 36 ). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1333-X , p. 51 .
  7. ↑ Heilbronn document books , Volume IV, No. 2961
  8. ↑ Heilbronn document books , Volume IV, No. 2961
  9. ↑ Klemens Ludwig: Die Schwarze Hofmännin: a peasant war novel. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8425-2053-0 .

literature

  • Eugen Knupfer (edit.): Document book of the city of Heilbronn . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1904 ( Württemberg historical sources . N. F. 5)
personal data
SURNAME Black court lady
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Renner, Margarete (real name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German woman who actively participated in the peasant wars
DATE OF BIRTH around 1475
PLACE OF BIRTH Boeckingen
DATE OF DEATH 1535