Sebadenitis

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Hair loss sebadenitis in a dog

The sebaceous adenitis ( English sebaceous adenitis , SA ; also granulomatous sebaceous adenitis , primary sebaceous adenitis or aseptic sebaceous adenitis ) is a disease in dog and cat , in which the sebaceous glands of the skin by an inflammatory response are irreversibly destroyed. It belongs to the idiopathic diseases , i.e. to the diseases whose actual cause is unknown. However, it is believed that the sebadenitis is genetic.

Sebadenitis is derived from Latin glandula sebacea , sebum, and adenitis , inflammation of the gland.

Pathophysiology

Hair follicle with sebum gland (5). Sebadenitis destroys these glands.

There are various hypotheses about the causes of the disease. These range from a genetically caused developmental disorder of the sebum glands to the hypothesis of autoimmune reactions that destroy the sebum glands to keratinization disorders that lead to inflammation of the glands. A genetic immune disease is also a possible explanation.

The disease is initially accompanied by inflammation of the sebum glands. These later perish, leading to hyperkeratosis . The hair follicles are impaired in their development, but are not completely destroyed.

clinic

Signal element

The disease has been described in dogs and cats. In dogs, it occurs more frequently in the poodle , Magyar Vizsla and some Nordic breeds such as Akita and Samoyed , it also occurs in Hovawart , Schnauzer , German shepherd , Bernese mountain dog , Maltese , English springer spaniel and mixed-breed. The disease is more common in some breeds and siblings, such as the Akita and Hovawart. In total, cases have been described in over 50 breeds.

Symptoms

Sebadenitis in a 7 year old Hovawart . Mild, locally limited case of illness; The typical keratin cuffs are clearly visible in the full image resolution.
Reflected light microscope image of a small tuft of hair from the same dog. The pronounced keratin cuff is also noticeable here.

The disease manifests itself as progressive hair loss , often initially limited locally. Hairless areas are dry and flaky. Tufts of hair are often glued together and have keratin cuffs . Excessive cornification of the skin ( hyperkeratosis ) is also typical . There are different typical disease courses in different races. Itching is not always present and varies in severity, it only occurs with secondary infections .

Hyperacute disease processes often go gastrointestinal problems ahead, sometimes they come together with food allergies before. Many affected animals have inflammation of the auditory canal due to the increased formation of ear wax ( otitis externa ceruminosa).

diagnosis

The diagnosis is made by taking a skin biopsy with subsequent histology and evidence of the missing sebum glands and / or the lymphocytic inflammation in the area. In the differential diagnosis, infections by bacteria, parasites and fungi must be excluded. Also Malassezia dermatitis and vitamin A-responsive dermatosis differential diagnosis into consideration.

In addition to the aseptic form, there is a secondary form of sebadenitis that is triggered by leishmaniasis . In contrast to the primary form, the sebum glands can regenerate here. However, some authors differentiate this form from sebadenitis, i.e. do not include it precisely.

Therapy and prognosis

There is no causal therapy. The administration of ciclosporin A can stop the disease, but after discontinuation the destruction of the sebaceous glands continues. In the case of mild forms of the disease, therapy with shampoos containing active ingredients that dissolve keratin can be successful. It seems that treatment in the (early) inflammatory phase of the disease is more promising than in the (late) chronic phase. For this reason there are authors who recommend starting treatment with ciclosporin as early as possible. In an international study, no difference could be demonstrated between the effect of local treatment and that of systemic therapy.

Genetics and Breeding Hygiene

The exact inheritance of sebadenitis is not known; however, its occurrence in certain breeds and in siblings of affected dogs suggests that it is a hereditary disease . Affected animals should therefore not be used for breeding.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Chiara Noli, Fabia Scarampella: Practical dermatology in dogs and cats . Ed .: Maurizio Colcuc. Schlütersche, Hannover 2005, ISBN 3-87706-713-1 , p. 349–350 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ernst-Günther Grünbaum, Ernst Schimke (Ed.): Clinic of dog diseases . 3rd, revised edition. Enke, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-1021-8 , pp. 280–281 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ Alex Gough, Alison Thomas: Breed Dispositions in Dog and Cat . Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-437-58390-2 , pp. 10–11 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  4. ↑ Sebadenitis in the Hovawart ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Institute for Genetics at the University of Bern , accessed on July 11, 2012) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.genetics.unibe.ch
  5. ↑ a b Elisabeth Hernblad Tevell, Kerstin Bergvall, Agneta Egenvall: Sebaceous adenitis in Swedish dogs, a retrospective study of 104 cases . In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica . tape 50 , 2008, p. 11 , doi : 10.1186 / 1751-0147-50-11 (English).
  6. ↑ Alex Gough, Alison Thomas: Breed Dispositions in Dog and Cat . Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-437-58390-2 , pp. 261 .
  7. ^ A b Tim Nuttall, Richard G. Harvey, Patrick J. McKeever: Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat . Manson Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84076-539-7 , pp. 182 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ^ Monika Linek: Hair Loss Disorders in Domestic Animals . Ed .: Lars Mecklenburg, Monika Linek, Desmond Tobin. John Wiley, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-8138-1082-9 , Sebaceous adenitis, pp. 269–271 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ↑ Michael J. Day: Clinical Immunology of the Dog and Cat . Manson Publishing, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-84076-098-9 , pp. 166 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  10. ^ Jutta Lortz, Claude Favrot, Lars Mecklenburg a. a .: A multicentre placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of oral ciclosporin A in the treatment of canine idiopathic sebaceous adenitis in comparison with conventional topical treatment . In: Veterinary Dermatology . tape 221 , no. 6 , November 5, 2010, p. 593-601 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3164.2010.00902.x .

literature

  • Jutta Lortz: A multicentre placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of oral ciclosporin A in the treatment of canine idiopathic sebaceous adenitis in comparison with conventional topical treatment . Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich. VVB Laufersweiler Verlag, Giessen 2010, doi : 10.5167 / uzh-40958 .

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