Sectarian Shinto
As sectarian Shinto ( Jap. 教派神道 , Kyoha shinto or 宗派神道 , shūha shinto ) of the Second World War, the thirteen officially recognized Shinto sects was applied before Shinto understood. In contrast to the institutions of the Shrine Shinto, these sects were excluded from the then State Shinto by law in 1882 . Most of them currently still exist as independent organizations. After the end of World War II and the abolition of State Shinto, a large number of new sects developed ( shintōkei shinshūkyō ).
The term “ sect ” is to be understood as a neutral translation of the Japanese “kyōha” , equivalent to “ religious community ” or “ denomination ”.
overview
List of thirteen official Shintō jūsampa ( 神道 十三 派 , lit. "13 sects of Shintō"), sorted according to the date of recognition by the Japanese government:
| Surname | Founded | Accepted | Benefactor | Quirks | Members | headquarters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurozumi-kyō ( 黒 住 教 ) | 1876 | Kurozumi Munetada | First of the independent sects, mostly active in western Japan | 300,000 | Okayama | |
| Shintō shūsei-ha ( 神道 修成 派 ) | 1873 | 1876 | Nitta Kuniteru | Confucian-oriented, no longer very active after 1945 | 42,000 | Suginami , Tokyo |
| Izumo Ōyashiro-kyō ( 出 雲 大 社教 ) | 1882 | Senge Takatomi | Based on the Izumo shrine | 1,190,000 | Hikawa-gun , Shimane Prefecture | |
| Fusō-kyō ( 扶桑 教 ) | 1873 | 1882 | Shishino Nakaba | After the Second World War he was particularly active in the area of mountain worship | 46,000 | Setagaya , Tokyo |
| Jikkō-kyō ( 實行 教 , simplified 実 行 教 ) | 1882 | Shibata Hanamori | 11,000 | Saitama , Saitama Prefecture | ||
| Shinshū-kyō ( 神 習 教 ) | 1880 | 1882 | Yoshimura Masamochi | Synthesis of the cult around Mount Ontake and other directions | 2,800,000 | Setagaya , Tokyo |
| Ontake-kyō ( 御 嶽 教 ) | 1882 | 1882 | Shimoyama Ōsuke | Mount Ontake in Nagano Prefecture as a sanctuary | 580,000 | Nara |
| Shintō Taisei-kyō ( 神道 大成 教 / 大成 教 ) | 1882 | Hirayama Seisai | Not currently active | 51,000 | Shibuya , Tokyo | |
| Shinri-kyō ( 神 理 教 ) | 1884 | Sano Tsunehiko | 300,000 | Kitakyushu | ||
| Misogi-kyō ( 禊 教 ) | 1834 | 1894 | Inoue Masakane | Suppressed at the time of the Tokugawa , then split, of which one direction was joined by the Shinto Taisei-kyo | 99,000 | Kitakoma-gun , Yamanashi Prefecture |
| Shintō Honkyoku ( 神道 本局 ), after 1940 Shintō Taikyō ( 神道 大 教 ) | 1885 | 1896 | No sponsor, little influence after the end of the war | 40,000 | Minato , Tokyo | |
| Konkō-kyō ( 金光 教 ) | 1885 | 1900 | Akazawa Bunji | Runs churches in America, already operating overseas before World War II | 440,000 | Asakuchi-gun , Okayama Prefecture |
| Tenri-kyō ( 天理教 ) | 1838 | 1908 | Nakayama Miki | Currently one of the new religious movements in Japan | 1,880,000 | Tenri |
Some movements - Kurozumi-kyō, Misogi-kyō, Konkō-kyō and above all Tenri-kyō - have moved so far away from Shintō that they are more likely to be counted among the new religious movements in Japan ( 新 宗教 , shinshūkyō ). The new religious movements derived from Shintō are also called shintōkei shinshūkyō ( 神道 系 新 宗教 , dt. About: "Shintō-like new religion").
From the other major orientation of Shinto, the shrine-Shinto, the sect-Shinto mainly differs in the following points:
- Emphasis on the beliefs and activities of the founders of the respective sect instead of maintaining the national beliefs and traditions
- Organization as religious bodies that are independent of each other and also of the shrines
- Offensive proselytizing
- Almost the same, sometimes even larger number of women in the clergy of the respective organization (in the clergy of the Shrine Shinto the ratio of men to women is about 10: 1)
history
With the Meiji Restoration, through the separation of Buddhism and Shinto ( Shinbutsu-Bunri ) in 1868 and the nationalization of the shrines, a state Shinto was created from the old folk religion. Up to now both religions existed as syncretism ( Shinbutsu-Shūgō ), the main influence of which was the Buddhist tradition and the ancestral cult of the imperial family. But there were also influences as diverse as archaic fertility cults around gigantic penises, worship of rice gods, worship of nature spirits, Polynesian myths, Daoism , shamanism , which is originally probably related to the Korean and Siberian, and Hindu gods.
With the split into Buddhism and Shintoism, Shinto as a state Shinto had to be reconstructed or recreated. This also included the exclusion of certain directions in Shinto in 1882 that could not be reconciled with the state ideology. Government support was withdrawn from them and they were no longer referred to as jinja , "shrine", but as kyōkai , "church", or kyōha , "sect".
In 1895 eight of these branches merged to form the "Shintō Association" ( 神道 同志 会 , Shintō Dōshikai ). These were in detail: Izumo-Taisha-kyō, Kurozumi-kyō, Ontake-kyō, Jikkō-kyō, Shinshū-kyō, Taisei-kyō, Fusō-kyō and Jingū-kyō ( 神宮 教 ; the "Foundation to Support the Shrines" ( 神宮 奉 賛 会 , Jingū Hōsankai )). In 1899 Shintō Honkyoku, Shinri-kyō and Misogi-kyō joined, while the name of the organization was changed to "Shintō Conference" ( 神道 懇 話 会 , Shintō Konwakai ). In 1912 Shintō-shūsei-ha, Konkō-kyō and Tenri-kyō joined, and the name was changed again, this time to "Association of all Shinto sects" ( 神道 各 教派 連 合 会 , Shintō Kakukyōha Rengōkai ). In 1934, the name still valid today "Sect Shinto Association" ( 教派 神道 連 合 会 , Kyōha Shintō Rengōkai ) was adopted.
In 1945 the state Shinto was dissolved by the Allied occupation forces, and all temples, shrines and religious communities in Japan reverted to the same status as the above sects, because the 1947 constitution stipulated that no religious organization should receive state funding. Since then, only a handful of shrines have been listed as "state offices", which are supported by state funds but are not officially regarded as religious institutions.
Further entries and exits from the "Association of Shinto Sects" finally brought their number to today's number: 1956 the admission of Ōmoto ( 大本 ), 1970 the departure of Tenri-kyō and six years later that of Taisei-kyō. Shinshū-kyō resigned in 1959 and re-entered in 1994.
See also
literature
- Nobutaka Inoue: Kyoha Shinto no keisei . Kobundo. ISBN 4335160216
- Masaaki Sugata: Koshinto wa yomigaeru: The old Shinto . Tama Shuppan. 1985. ISBN 4884811321
- Toru Kotaki: Kamigami no mezame: Kindai Nihon no shukyo kakumei . Shunjusha. 1997. ISBN 4393291247
Web links
- Inoue Nobutaka : "Shinto-Derived Religious Organizations" . In: Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugaku-in , October 28, 2005 (English)
- Category "Modern Sectarian Groups" in the Encyclopedia of Shinto - English
Individual evidence
- ^ Numbers from the Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms (2000–2001) of the Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University
- ↑ : "Rates of Women in the Shinto Clergy" . In: Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugaku-in , April 13, 2006 (English)