splice
The splice is a break-proof, permanent, non-detachable connection of rope by interweaving the individual cardels . It is also used to repair cordage. This is in Drahtgut using a Marl Spiekers - in tightly seated other Good usually a fid - accomplished. The rigger knows different types of splices: eye splice , long splice , short splice and end or back splice.
Basics
The durability of a splice connection is based on the friction and self-locking between the rope workpieces to be connected. As cordage - like almost all other materials - elongates and reduces in diameter when subjected to tensile loads, the individual cardeles become jammed and can no longer be moved against each other. In doing so, around 85–100% of the rope's original strength is retained (depending on the material, type of splice and care taken in execution). A knot , on the other hand, weakens a line considerably (around 50% and more).
A spliced rope remains - in contrast to the use of knots or rope clamps - supple and increases little or no diameter. This is particularly important when the rope has to be guided over blocks (pulleys) or has to be constantly wound and unwound. However, splicing some types of cordage can be a relatively complex process, so that rope clamps or knots have to be used for emergency repairs.
Regardless of whether a splice is used to connect two lines, to form an eye or to secure the end of the line (rope) against fraying (end or back splice), the cardeles can counter (rarely with) the direction of rotation of the line (its lay , usually right) are spliced. In ropes for amplifying the " Lieken " are (the outer edges of canvas) to enable a more streamlined processing, the strands with spliced to the impact and is called a Segelmacherspleiß . Wire rope is generally spliced with the lay because of its rigidity. Splices can also be tapered for pleasant work by removing parts of the cardel as you work.
The remaining, protruding strands of a splicing " legeartis " (according to the rules of the art) with a whipping "beigebändselt" so that they do not slip out of the splice ( "slipping"). With synthetic fiber material, the ends of the curtains are usually fused with the flame.
species
Eye splice
With the eye splice, the end of the rope ( rope ) is worked into the standing part in such a way that an eye is created. It is much more resilient than a knotted loop . Such a hawser is z. B. often used for mooring ships, whereby the eye can be placed over a bollard in order to establish a connection between the ship and the pier or quay or pier , or - lying apart in the harbor basin - around a Duckdalben .
Whipped goods in water sports are usually only stuck three times and then fused for a shortened length, otherwise the cardeles are then either tapered and spliced into the rope or secured with a whipping . Particularly permanent splices are also "clothed" (tightly wrapped with a thin line). The eye itself can be protected against “ shame filing ” (abrasion) by putting on a coat beforehand (leather was often sewn together in the past, now mostly a transparent plastic tube) .
An extremely rare form, as there are hardly any meaningful applications for it, is the eye double splice, in which an eye is formed in the middle of a rope - alternatively also applicable if a short splice cannot or should not be used to connect two ends. For this purpose, both ropes are worked into the other one after the other using the technique of an eye splice.
End or back splice
In the case of back splicing, the end of a twisted (“laid”) rope is split into its cardel and thus spliced backwards into the same rope. This results in various terminations at the end of the rope, as a particularly complex " whipping ", as a thickening of the rope end for better gripping or to prevent it from slipping through an eyelet , or as a decoration of ropes (banisters, bell ropes). The best-known back splices are: Spanish Takling (the actual Rückspleiß), end splice, tap paw Taljenreepsknoten, Double Taljenreepsknoten, wall and crown knot , rose knots , star node.
Short splice
The short splice is used to connect two twisted ("twisted") ropes. For this purpose, the ends are separated into the individual cardeles. First, the cardeles are laid one on top of the other in pairs, one from each end, with half a beat . The cardeles on one side are secured with a twine, the cardeles on the other side are stuck under the cardeles of the rope in turns with the splicing nail and carefully tightened (three times for natural fiber ropes, five times for smooth and lean plastic ropes). Then the other side follows in the same way. The cardels are then either tapered (mainly in traditional seafaring) and spliced into the rope or secured with a whipping to increase the service life - with plastic, however, usually only shortened with a heat cutter.
A disadvantage of the short splice is its thickness. B. can prevent or even prevent slipping through a block. Therefore, not all lines can be spliced.
Long splice
The long splice, like the short splice, is used to connect two laid ropes. Compared to the short splice, it has the advantage that there is no significant thickening in the rope. However, the long splice is no longer considered a secure connection in (professional) shipping today, so its use is not recommended.
However, this does not apply to "endless" hoisting ropes or pull ropes of cable cars or tow lifts . A connecting splice in such a typically sechskardeeligen - instead we speak of strands , which usually each consisting of 19 single twisted wires (interestingly, in the long lay consist itself as well as the cable) - Cable (with steaming plastic core ) is about 1200d to 1300d (1200-fold to 1300 times the rope diameter) long. In practice, this can result in a total length of over 70 m for a splice. This must be carried out on site after reeving and before laying the rope, which can often be several kilometers long. Another special feature is that when "hiding" (i.e. the actual splicing) one does not work alternately under the strands, but instead the core is removed alternately to around 5–8 m each, so that the strand ends of the same thickness are then each Can take up space. Also, no half blow is made here at the crossing.
Wire splice
For safety reasons, each wire splice must be plugged in five times. More does not bring any advantages, but makes the splice unnecessarily long. The ends of the eyes on modern steel cables ( slings , part of the loading gear ) are no longer spliced, but instead industrially pressed; this also reduces the risk of injury from so-called “meat hooks” on steel cables (small protruding cardboard parts, often after individual wires have broken). End or back splices cannot be made with steel ropes.
Splicing wire rope requires very strong physical strength and often the use of special screw clamps. The indispensable marlin spike can usually only be driven between the cardeles with a hammer.
Alternatively, wire ropes are pressed with ferrules made of steel, copper or aluminum or screwed with rope clips.
Splicing braided cordage
Braided cordage, which was not used in traditional seafaring, can also be spliced - mostly eye splices, less often connection splices are common. Basically, there are (synthetic fiber) ropes with a thicker, also braided core, for the protection of which a cross or woven braid (mainly in climbing ) lies around the outside like a hose (the so-called "coat") - or soulless ropes , usually called squarelines because of of the square pattern. In principle, the cardeles are simply passed through the other rope over a certain length. The strength of such a splice is based on the fact that braided cordage is a tube that contracts under load and thus pinches the cord that is passed through.
The correct execution of such a splice therefore essentially depends on the structure of the corresponding rope. (Actually it is, because it is intertwined and not beaten, no more rope. After all, when it comes to laying down it is also called: “Cast off!”). Every rope manufacturer or seller will be happy to provide splicing instructions for their ropes on request.
- Splicing process with braided cordage
The four pairs of cardel are open, the remaining rope is temporarily secured with adhesive tape to prevent it from being undone
A pair of cardeles is brought back in the rope using a hollow spike (there are other approaches)
The remaining three pairs of Cardel are returned four times parallel to the rope
All cardel pairs are returned - the splice is finished (except for the shortening)
Tool
For professionals, a marlin spike , hollow spike and, for braided cordage , a fit are essential .
literature
- Helmut Paul: Splice book: The standard work for professional splicing, Verlag Geo. Gleistein & Sohn, 2008, ISBN 3-9812956-0-9
- Alpheus Hyatt Verrill : Knots, Splices and Rope Work. 1912, Project Gutenberg eBook .
Web links
- Clear splicing instructions for synthetic fibers
- Splicing instructions for 3-strand ropes, core-sheath braids, high-tech core-sheath braids, hollow braids, squareline and wire rope
- Splicing Guide with different types of splices / ropes (English PDF, 1 MB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rosenberger rope GmbH: Liros yachting cordage . P. 32 ( Memento of July 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 8.6 MB)
- ↑ a b Gleistein Ropes: Splice book . P. 3 (PDF; 5.5 MB)
- ↑ Rope connections in the lecture documentation on ropeway construction at the Institute for Railway Engineering u. Verkehrswirtschaft der Technische Universität Graz, WS 2011, page 26 ff. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) - PDF, accessed on July 21, 2012