Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.jpg

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Systematics
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Lysobacterales
Family : Lysobacteraceae
Genre : Stenotrophomonas
Type : Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Scientific name
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
( Hugh 1981) Palleroni & Bradbury 1993

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an aerobic , gram-negative bacterium with generally low virulence that can cause infections in humans that aredifficult to treat.

description

Originally the bacterium belonging to the nonfermenters was classified as Pseudomonas maltophilia and was later assigned to the genus Xanthomonas . It was not until 1993 that it was added to the genus Stenotrophomonas as a separate species .

S. maltophilia is slightly smaller (0.7–1.8 × 0.4–0.7 μm) than other stenotrophomonads. It is flagellated and grows well in colored colonies on MacConkey agar . S. maltophilia is catalase positive , oxidase negative (in contrast to most of the other members of the main group) and secretes an extracellular DNase .

S. maltophilia is ubiquitous in watery environments, soil and plants, and can also be found in urine and respiratory secretions . It can cause nosocomial infections , especially in the case of immunodeficiency . The bacterium is also used for biotechnological applications .

Clinical significance

S. maltophilia is often identified as a contaminant, for example on food and in humidifiers, but also in hemodialysis fluid, infusion solutions for parenteral nutrition and antiseptic solutions such as chlorhexidine or quaternary ammonium compounds . The facultative pathogenic germ, especially in immunosuppressed patients and patients treated in intensive care units, often shows up in biofilms ; so can S. maltophilia at intubated or tracheotomy patients on the tubes in catheterized patients on urinary catheters and in patients with implanted pacemakers find. Evidence of growth in sputum or urine cannot be clearly interpreted in some cases and can only be considered evidence of a relevant infection if it is obtained from a normally bacteria-free medium such as blood or puncture urine.

In immunocompetent patients, S. maltophilia does not usually lead to pneumonia and other respiratory infections, urinary tract infections or bacteremia (further consequences can be sepsis , catheter-associated infections and infections of skin and soft tissue). In immune-compromised patients, the bacterium can certainly cause respiratory infections . There are (pathogenetically unclear) indications of an increase in S. maltophilia colonization in cystic fibrosis patients , in whom S. maltophilia can also cause chronic infections of the deep respiratory tract.

therapy

S. maltophilia is naturally resistant to numerous antibiotics , but it often responds to cotrimoxazole and (especially in the case of cotrimoxazole resistance) tigecycline , although the number of resistant strains is increasing. In the case of resistance, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid can also be considered.

literature

  • Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , pp. 195 and 229.
  • WJ Looney, M. Narita, K. Mühlemann: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen. In: Lancet Inf. Dis. 9, 2009, pp. 312-323.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A. Burke et al.: Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia. In: emedicine. July 28, 2008; last viewed on May 20, 2009.
  2. ↑ PH Gilligan, G. Lum, PAR VanDamme, S. Whittier: Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, Pandoraea, and Acidivorax . In: PR Murray, EJ Baron, JH Jorgensen (eds.): Manual of Clinical Microbiology . 8th edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC 2003, ISBN 1-55581-255-4 , pp. 729-748 .
  3. ↑ M. Denton, K. Kerr: Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . In: Clin Microbiol Rev . tape 11 , no. 1 , January 1998, pp. 57-80 , PMID 9457429 ( asm.org ).
  4. ↑ N. Palleroni, J. Bradbury: Stenotrophomonas, a new bacterial genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1980), among others Swings 1983 . In: Int J Syst Bacteriol . tape 43 , no. 3 , 1993, p. 606-609 , PMID 8347518 .
  5. ^ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Stenotrophomonas. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, Systematics of Bacteria (LPSN) . Retrieved December 16, 2019 .
  6. ↑ G. Berg, N. Roskot, K. Smalla: Genotypic and phenotypic relationships between clinical and environmental isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . In: J Clin Microbiol . tape 37 , no. 11 , 1999, p. 3594-3600 , PMID 10523559 .
  7. ↑ D. Aktuerk, M. Lutz, H. Luckraz: An unusual swelling at the pacemaker pocket site . In: Ann Emerg Med . tape 63 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 391-403 , doi : 10.1016 / j.annemergmed.2013.07.508 , PMID 24655444 .
  8. ^ J. McGowan: Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum . In: Am J Med . tape 119 , 6 Suppl 1, 2006, p. S29-S36; discussion S62 – S70 , doi : 10.1016 / j.amjmed.2006.03.014 , PMID 16735148 .
  9. ^ Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 195.
  10. ^ VJ Waters, MI Gómez, G. Soong, S. Amin, RK Ernst, A. Prince: Immunostimulatory properties of the emerging pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . In: Infection and Immunity . tape 75 , 2007, p. 1698–1703 , doi : 10.1128 / IAI.01469-06 , PMID 17220304 , PMC 186568 (free full text).
  11. ↑ A. Al-Jasser: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: an increasing problem . In: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob . tape 5 , 2006, p. 23 , doi : 10.1186 / 1476-0711-5-23 , PMID 16978420 .
  12. ↑ Marianne Abele-Horn (2009), pp. 195 and 229.

Web links

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