Star magnolia
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Star magnolia flowers ( Magnolia stellata ) |
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| ( Sieb. & Zucc. ) Maxim. |
The star magnolia ( Magnolia stellata ) is a species of the magnolia ( Magnolia ) genus . This deciduous shrub comes from Japan and is now widely planted as an ornamental wood .
description
Appearance and leaf
The star magnolia is a deciduous shrub that reaches heights of 2 to 5 meters. The trunk branches just above the ground and forms a broad crown. Extensive thickets can arise through runners . The bark of the branches is yellowish-green and hairy and older branches have a gray or brown, rough bark.
The alternate leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is 10 to 15 centimeters long and about 5 centimeters wide and is narrowly obovate with a wedge-shaped base and a short tapering upper end. The underside of the leaf is lighter green than the upper side.
Flower, fruit and seeds
Even very young, annual or biennial plants can bloom. The flower stalk is hairy. The flower buds standing individually at the ends of the branches are densely hairy. Before the leaves shoot in spring, the flowers unfold. The fragrant flowers are hermaphroditic and have a diameter of 10 to 15 centimeters. Each flower has 15 to 36 white or occasionally pink bracts . The three outer bracts are smaller, greenish and fall off before the flower opens. There are numerous stamens, pink to purple at their base, and numerous pistils .
The first green and later reddish brown in color, the collagen fruit is cylindrical with a length of 5 to 10 centimeters. The seeds are surrounded by a red seed coat ( arillus ).
Chromosome set
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38.
Distribution area
The star magnolia comes from Japan: until the 1950s, no natural populations were known, the few plants found were interpreted as garden refugees. It was unclear whether the star magnolia was a hybrid or a variety that originated in Japanese gardens. It was not until 1959 that Inami reported occurrences in the province of Aichi, Ueda confirmed in 1988 that this species has a small natural range in the provinces of Gifu, Aichi and Mie on Honshū . There the star magnolia grows on open, sunny slopes in moist, swampy terrain.
use
The star magnolia has long been planted as an ornamental tree in East Asia. Even Siebold tried to import it from Japan to Europe, but failed to Japanese trade restrictions. It wasn't until 1862 that Dr. George Rogers Hall brought the star magnolia to the Samuel Parson tree nursery in New York, from around the 1870s it became more widespread. It is still available in stores today.
Star magnolia varieties (selection):
- 'Rosea' - flowers pink in the bud, later lightening to white, slightly smaller than the type. Known since 1899.
- 'Rubra' - flowers dark pink to red, plants larger, chromosome number 2n = 51. Possibly a hybrid with the purple magnolia . Marketed in Japan in 1925 by K. Wada.
- 'Royal Star' - Large flowers, pink in the bud, later white, with 25 to 30 petals.
- 'Water Lily' and 'Water Lily' - up to four different varieties are available under this name.
Hybrids with the star magnolia:
- Magnolia kobus × Magnolia stellata = Magnolia × loebneri , in the properties between the parent species. This cross is not known from nature, since the distribution areas of the two species do not touch. The crossing was first achieved by Max Loebner from Pillnitz and named Magnolia × loebneri by Paul Kache in 1920. In 1923, the Kordes tree nursery acquired some of the plants from Loebner, and since then numerous other varieties have been produced with these parents, such as 'Leonard Messel' and 'Merrill'.
- Magnolia salicifolia × Magnolia stellata = Magnolia × proctoriana , the hybrid of these closely related species was first obtained in 1925 at the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University.
- Magnolia liliiflora × Magnolia stellata , hybrids obtained at the US National Arboretum by Francis deVos and William Korsar. Eight varieties with women's names, the “Eight Little Girls”, are available in stores. All are triploid with 57 chromosomes.
Systematics and botanical history
Within the genus Magnolia , the star magnolia is classified in the subgenus Yulania , there in the section and subsection Yulania . Related species are, for example, the Kobushi magnolia , Magnolia salicifolia and Magnolia biondii . A separate section for these species ( Buergeria ) is no longer maintained.
Thunberg provided a first description of the star magnolia as early as 1784 under the name Magnolia tomentosa , but confused a herbarium evidence and specified an Edgeworthia specimen as the type specimen, which made the description invalid. The next younger name comes from Siebold and Zuccarini , who named the plant Buergeria stellata in 1846 ; Maximowicz then created the combination Magnolia stellata in 1872 . In 1955, Blackburn considered the star magnolia to be a variety of the Kobushi magnolia ( Magnolia kobus var. Stellata ), arguing that seedlings of the star magnolia would resemble half of the Kobushi magnolia, and that no natural occurrence was known. In the meantime, however, an area separate from the Kobushi magnolia is known. The plants there show a much lower variability than cultivated specimens, which could be due to the fact that the plants known in gardens are hybrids with Kobushi magnolia or Magnolia salicifolia .
Individual evidence
- ↑ K. Inami: Distribution of Magnolia stellata . In: Amatores Herbarii. Volume 20, 1, Kobe 1959, pp. 10-14.
- ↑ K. Ueda: Star Magnolia - an indigenous Japanese plant. In: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. Volume 69, Issue 3, Cambridge 1988, pp. 281-288. ISSN 0004-2625
- ^ Classification of Magnoliaceae. Magnolia Society International, 2004, accessed December 22, 2015 . , see. RB Figlar, HP Nooteboom: Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. In: Blumea. Leiden 49, 1, 2004, p. 87. ISSN 0006-5196
literature
- DJ Callaway: The World of Magnolias . Timber Press, Portland 1994, pp. 154 ff. ISBN 0-88192-236-6
