Beach sod

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Beach sod
Beach sod (Suaeda maritima)

Beach sod ( Suaeda maritima )

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Suaedoideae
Tribe : Suaedeae
Genre : Soden ( Suaeda )
Type : Beach sod
Scientific name
Suaeda maritima
( L. ) Dumort.
Beach sod inflorescence ( Suaeda maritima )

The beach sod ( Suaeda maritima ) is a species of plant from the subfamily Suaedoideae in the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). It is also called sea ​​beach quotes , Schmalzmelde or sod .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The Strand Sode grows as an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 100 cm. The prostrate or ascending, sometimes upright stems are branched from the bottom. Stems and leaves are bare, blue-green and often reddish. The upwardly curved or protruding, fleshy leaves are semi-stemmed in cross section, flat on top or slightly arched at the edges. The simple leaf blade is linear with a length of 10 to 50 mm and a width of 0.8 to 2 mm with a blunt or slightly pointed upper end.

Inflorescences and flowers

One to five (rarely more) flowers are clustered on the main and side branches in the axilla of the bracts. The lower bracts resemble the foliage leaves, they gradually get smaller towards the top and are then only about 3 to 12 mm long. At the base the bracts are somewhat widened and their tips are slightly curved outwards. The bracts are reduced to small membranous scales.

The flowering time of the Strand-Sode extends from July to September. The hermaphrodite flowers are 2 to 4 mm in diameter. The inflorescence consists of five somewhat unequal sized tepals with a rounded back and blunt, often hood-shaped tip. There are five stamens . The two (rarely three to five) scars are very short and bald at around 0.5 mm.

Fruits and seeds

At the time of fruiting, the perianth remains unchanged (wing-like appendages occasionally appear). The fruit is hemispherical or slightly depressed and without a skin border. The horizontal, lenticular seed has a diameter of 1 to 2.2 mm. The dark brown or black seed coat has a mesh pattern.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36 or 2n = 18.

pollination

Its flowers are homogeneous to weakly male , so self-pollination is possible. Usually, however, pollination is probably done by the wind.

Occurrence and endangerment

The beach sod is common on the coasts of Europe, the temperate regions of Asia, northern Africa and North America ( circumpolar distribution). It has also been introduced to areas in the southern hemisphere , such as New Zealand.

In Germany, the beach sod is found in ruderally influenced salt plant corridors on the North Sea and the Baltic Sea , and occasionally also in inland salt areas . As a real salt plant ( halophyte ), it colonizes fully sunny locations on moist, nitrogen-rich and alkaline soils with a high content of table salt , which are occasionally flooded. The beach sod occurs in the plant communities of the order Thero-Salicornietalia, Suaedetum macrocarpae and Suaedetum flexilis.

In Germany the Strand-Sode is considered safe nationwide. Their main occurrences are on the coasts of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and Bremen. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania it is classified as endangered ( Red List of Endangered Species 3). At the inland salt stations in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, it is considered to be highly endangered (Red List 2).

use

In the past, potash and soda were obtained from the beach sod by drying and burning , which was used for washing clothes and for making glass. Hence the German names Strand-Sode and Schmalzmelde.

The young leaves of the beach sod can be used raw or cooked as a salty salad or vegetable ingredient. Young sprouts can be consumed in vinegar as a relish. The seeds are also edible raw or cooked.

Taxonomy

The first publication of this species was in 1753 by Carl von Linné under the name Chenopodium maritimum L. in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 221. Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier placed it in 1827 in Florula belgica , p. 22 as Suaeda maritima in the genus Suaeda .

Synonyms of Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. are Atriplex maritima (L.) Crantz , Chenopodina maritima (L.) Moq. , Chenopodium maritimum L. , Dondia maritima (L.) Druce , Lerchea maritima (L.) Kuntze , Salsola maritima (L.) M.Bieb. , Salsola maritima (L.) Poir. , Schoberia maritima (L.) CAMey. , Suaeda fernaldii (Standley) Standley and Suaeda richii Fernald .

Suaeda maritima belongs to the subgenus Brezia (Moq.) Freitag & Sagittarius within the genus Suaeda .

The species Suaeda maritima becomes Graebn with the closely related species Suaeda pannonica (Beck). , Suaeda prostrata Pall. and Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. combined to form the richly shaped Suaeda maritima aggregate.

literature

  • Hossein Akhani & Dieter Podlech: Suaeda maritima , In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica , Volume 172 - Chenopodiaceae . Graz, Akad. Druck, 1997, p. 144. (sections description, occurrence)
  • Wayne R. Ferren Jr. & H. Jochen Schenk: Suaeda maritima , p. 393 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 4: Magnoliophyta : Caryophyllidae, part 1. , Oxford University Press, New York et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 . (Sections Description, Occurrence)
  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , p. 96 (section description).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Suaeda maritima at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  2. Entry at BiolFlor
  3. a b Entry at FloraWeb
  4. a b Entry in Plants For A Future .
  5. First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org
  6. Maxim V. Kapralov, Hossein Akhani, Elena V. Voznesenskaya, Gerald Edwards, Vincent Franceschi & Eric H. Roalson: Phylogenetic Relationships in the Salicornioideae / Suaedoideae / Salsoloideae sl (Chenopodiaceae) Clade and a Clarification of the Phylogenetic and Alexandra Position of Bienertia Using Multiple DNA Sequence Datasets , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31 (3), 2006, pp. 571-585.
  7. Pertti Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore) , 2011. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Suaeda maritima aggr. Entry at Euro + Med Plantbase , accessed on October 22, 2012.

Web links

Commons : Suaeda maritima  - collection of images, videos and audio files