Swamp Deaf
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Swamp deafblings ( Russula helodes ) |
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| Russula helodes | ||||||||||||
| Melzer |
The swamp deafness ( Russula helodes ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a very rare and Europe-wide protected, red-capped Täubling with cream to ocher-colored lamellae. It can be found in bogs and bog forests in peat moss cushions.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 7–13 cm wide, quickly depressed and the edge wavy or notched. It is brightly blood-red or rose-red in color. In the middle it is often more intensely colored, sometimes it is also pale pink or cream-colored. The hat skin is very greasy and almost glassy when it is wet, but matt and almost velvety to the touch when it is dry. It is hardly removable, only up to about 1/4 of the radius.
The lamellas are quite standing and are first dirty white to cream colored, then cream to pale ocher colored. They have a pungent taste. They are narrow, almost sloping down, with several intermediate lamellae or less strongly forked towards the edge of the hat. They tend to brown when pressed or squeezed. The spore powder is off-white.
The stem 6–12 cm long and 2–3 cm wide. It is thickened in the middle and narrowed at the base. The surface is reticulate, wrinkled and frosted. It is whitish and tinged with pink. In old age he has a strong tendency to horror, with injuries more or less to tan.
The flesh is white under the cap skin, more or less reddish, with age it is increasingly gray, especially in the stem. It tastes pretty hot and smells faint. Overhanging specimens can also smell unpleasant. The guaiac reaction is slow and weakly positive.
Microscopic features
The short ellipsoidal spores are 9–10 (11) µm long and 7–8.5 µm wide and almost completely networked. The warts are partly connected to form ridges, but partly connected to each other via fine mesh lines.
The cystidia on the lamellar edge are numerous and not appendiculated . The cystids are also very numerous on the lamellar surface. They are unusually slender 6-8- (10) µm, 60-100 µm long, long-lobed, narrowed at the base, blunt at the tip, not appended and not very prominent. The club-shaped basidia are 40–50 µm long and 8–10 (12) µm wide and have four 5–6 µm long sterigms .
The pileocystids in the capillary skin are slender (4–6 µm) and mostly quite short (40–60 (80) µm). They are club-shaped to cylindrical, often more or less curved and unseptate. Their granular content turns light gray in sulfovanillin. The hyphae of the hat covering layer are more or less cylindrical or slightly tortuous and 2–5 µm wide.
Also in the epidermis of the stem one finds numerous cystids ( caulocystids ), which are more robust and more common than those in the cap skin. In the hypoderm (lowest layer of the cap skin) one finds numerous laticifera .
Species delimitation
A whole series of hot-tasting and red-capped deafblings can be confused with the swamp deafblings.
- The red-capped Speitäublinge from the subsection Emeticinae differ in their white lamellae and their pure white spore powder. They also taste hot and hot.
- The faint blotch Russula persicina has almost isolated spores and clearly turns yellow when touched or injured. In addition, it usually occurs in deciduous forests.
- The blood deafness Russula sanguinea is sometimes very similar. His hat discolors more with age and he prefers drier locations. Its spores also have more isolated warts.
- The flaming- stick blubber Russula rhodopus has a smeary, almost lacquer-like, shiny hat and smaller spores. In addition, his hat skin can be peeled off quite easily.
ecology
Like all deaf people, the swamp deafness is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with various conifers . Its preferred symbiotic partners are spruce and pine.
The Täubling can be found in dense peat moss cushions in peat bogs, bog pine and bog spruce forests. The Täubling occurs on wet, acidic and extremely base-, nutrient- and nitrogen-poor bog or very water-soaked clay soils.
The fruiting bodies appear from late July to early November, preferably in September.
distribution
The swamp deafbling is found in North America (USA) and Europe.
In Germany the rare Täubling occurs almost exclusively in the moors of the Eastern Bavarian low mountain range (Franconian Forest, Fichtelgebirge, Upper Palatinate Forest and Bavarian Forest), the Alpine foothills, the Black Forest and in the Eifel. Otherwise only a few sites are known. The Sumpf-Täubling is on the German Red List in the endangerment category 1 (threatened with extinction).
Systematics
Inquiry systematics
Within the Firmae section , the swamp deaf is placed in the Sanguinae subsection (after Bon ). This subsection combines hot-tasting deafblings with red to purple colored hats and cream to ocher-colored spore powder.
meaning
The swamp pigeon is classified as inedible due to its sharp taste.
literature
- Russula helodes. Tabular listing of the features. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, accessed January 15, 2011 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 567.
- ↑ Marcel Bon: Russula helodes. (PDF, 1.5 MB) Monographic key of the russules of Europe. The Russulales Website, p. 34 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; accessed on January 14, 2011 (English).
- ^ Henri Romagnesi: Russula helodes. Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (1967). MycoBank website, accessed January 14, 2011 (French).
- ^ Russula helodes in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on September 13, 2012 .
- ^ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula helodes. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Jan Holec & Miroslav Beran: Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. (PDF; 404 kB) In: wsl.ch. 2007, accessed September 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula helodes. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula helodes. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Russula helodes. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved September 13, 2012 .
- ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula helodes. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Editor: Rote Liste Zentrum: Detail page - Rote Liste. Retrieved March 29, 2020 .
Web links
- Henri Romagnesi: Spore Drawing by Russula Helodes. (JPG image) Retrieved January 15, 2011 .
- Henri Romagnesi: Synonyms of Russula helodes. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, accessed January 15, 2011 .
- Photo of the Swamp-Täubling. Russulales-News, accessed January 15, 2011 .