Blood deaf

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Blood deaf
2011-10-31 Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr 178728.jpg

Blood deafblings ( Russula sanguinaria )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Blood deaf
Scientific name
Russula sanguinaria
( Schumach. ) Rauschert (nom. Cons.)

The blood deafblings ( Russula sanguinaria , Syn . : R. sanguinea ), also called blood-red deafblings , is a species of fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . It is a medium-sized, sharp-tasting deaf, whose hat is bright red in youth and often fades in old age. The hat skin can hardly be peeled off, the spore powder is cream-colored to pale ocher. The mycorrhizal fungus , which can be found mainly under pine trees from July to October , is not an edible mushroom. It is not common in German-speaking countries, but it is widespread.

features

Macroscopic features

The rather thick-fleshed hat is 3.5-10 cm wide, hemispherical when young, later flattened and only slightly depressed in the middle. The brim of the hat is blunt-brimmed and has no or only very weak furrows. The surface is smooth to slightly bumpy or fine-grained and matt when dry. When wet, it is sticky and has a silky sheen. The hat is brightly blood-red to purple in color, but mostly fades more or less cream to pale ocher. The hat skin is hardly differentiated and cannot or can hardly be peeled off.

The arched, 2–9 mm, seldom wider, lamellae run down slightly on the stem or are seldom broadly attached. They are initially pale, then turn a straw yellow color and become butter-colored as they age. Numerous lamellas are forked, the lamellar edges are smooth.

The cylindrical and sometimes spindle-tapered stem is short and thick. It measures 3–7 × 1–3 cm and is white and frosted when young and later covered with a red tinge in places or entirely or marbled red on an ocher background. It is often more yellowish towards the base. The firm meat often turns ocher with age and has an inconspicuous odor. It tastes pungent and usually bitter. With iron sulfate , the hat meat turns pink with guaiac green.

Microscopic features

The spores are elliptical and 7–10 µm long and 6–8 µm wide. The mostly isolated warts are up to 1.0 µm high. Sometimes a few connecting lines are formed between the warts. Individual warts can be partially elongated. The basidia are cylindrical to club-shaped, measure 33–50 x 10–11 µm and each carry four sterigms .

The 50–70 µm long and 8–12 µm wide cheilocystids are spindle-shaped and mostly appendiculated at their tips. The somewhat larger pleurocystids look similar and are 65–130 µm long and 11–16 µm wide. All cystides are numerous and stain clearly gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde.

The cap skin consists of cylindrical, slightly tapered or widened 3–4.5 µm wide hair-like hyphae cells, which are usually simply septate. Your hyphae walls are more or less gelatinized. Between the hyphae there are cylindrical to spindle-shaped or slightly clubbed pileocystids , which can also be partially constricted at their tips. They are 4–7 µm wide and not or only rarely septate. In sulfobenzaldehyde they turn gray-black and react just as strongly with sulfovanillin .

Species delimitation

  • The cherry-red spei-blubber Russula emetica also grows under conifers. He has a bright red hat and almost always a white stem. The lamellae and the spore powder are also white.
  • The rather rare faint blotch Russula persicina also has a light red hat, its stem is usually white, the hat skin can be peeled off completely, and it turns very yellow at pressure points. When ripe, its lamellas are also cream-ocher in color.
  • The very rare in Germany Sumpftäubling Russula helodes looks almost the same. But he prefers bog-coniferous forests with peat moss sphagnum .

ecology

The blood deaf, like all deaflings, is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with various conifers . He clearly prefers the Scots pine as a symbiotic partner. Only very rarely does it enter into a symbiotic relationship with spruce or other conifers.

The Täubling can be found in wintergreen forest pine steppe forests , sage amander oak and white moss pine forests as well as in light pine and spruce forests or in parks. It can also be found under scattered pine trees in mixed beech and fir forests, on clearings, juniper heaths and semi-arid grasslands and sometimes also on the edges of raised bogs.

The fungus makes no special demands on the soil and grows on dry to moist, neutral to slightly acidic, but also on alkaline soils that are well supplied with bases and nutrients. It can be found on tendrils , regosols , brown clay rendzines and parabrown earths . It seldom occurs on bog soils .

The fruiting bodies appear between July and November. The Täubling occurs from the lowlands to the middle mountain region.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the blood deafness.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The blood deafblings is a Holarctic species, which means that it occurs almost all over the northern hemisphere. It is found in North Asia (Caucasus, Russia-Far East, Korea and Japan), in North America (USA), on the Canary Islands, in North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia) and Europe. In Europe it is distributed from the meridional to the boreal zone with a moderately cool climate.

    In northern Germany the species is quite rare, south of the 51st parallel it occurs at least regionally more frequently. The Täubling is not common in Switzerland, but it is widespread.

    Systematics

    Taxonomy

    Plate 42. From Pierre Bulliard's "Herbier de la France" Volume I. Lectotype by R. sanguinea

    The blood pigeon was first described as Agaricus sanguineus by Pierre Bulliard in his work "Herbier de la France" in 1781 . In 1838 Elias Magnus Fries introduced the taxon as Russula sanguinea in the genus Russula . The blood deafblings were known under this scientific name until the 90th of the last century. In 1989 Stephan Rauschert recognized that the name Russula sanguinea is invalid according to the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Mushrooms and Plants, as it contradicts Article 53.1. This article states that a scientific name that has an older or sanctioned homonym is illegitimate. Since Franz Xaver von Wulfen used the same name for the blood-red skin head in 1781 , which was sanctioned by Fries in 1821 by being mentioned in his Systema Mycologicum , Bulliards Agaricus sanguineus is invalid. As a result, the name Agaricus sanguinarius used by HCF Schumacher became the oldest valid synonym, which is why Stephan Rauschert made it the basionym of his new combination Russula sanguinaria in 1989 . In 1815 Fries had referred to the Täubling in his Observationes Mycologicae as Agaricus Linnæi β) sanguinarius and referred to Schumacher's description and Bulliard's illustration. Numerous heterotypic synonyms are known of the blood deaf .

    Inquiry systematics

    The blood-red blubber is the type of subsection Sanguinae (after Bon ), a subsection of the Firmae section . This subsection combines hot-tasting deafblings with red to purple colored hats and cream to ocher-colored spore powder.

    meaning

    The Blut-Täubling is edible, but is not an edible mushroom in Germany . The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nevertheless lists the species as an edible mushroom, which is mainly consumed in Thailand, Hong Kong and the Ukraine.

    International folk names

    • GB: Bloody Brittlegill.
    • FR: Russule sanguine, Russule rouge sang.
    • NL: Bloedrode russula.
    • DK: Blodrød Skørhat.
    • NO: Blodkremle.
    • SE: Blodkremla.
    • FI: Verihapero.
    • ES: Cualgra sanguínia, Netorra sangue.
    • PT: Cualgra sanguínia.
    • HU: Vérvoeroes galambgomba.
    • SK: Plávka krvavá Holubinka krvavá ,.
    • SI: Češnjeva golobica.
    • CZ: Holubinka krvavá.
    • PL: Gołąbek krwisty.
    • LV: Asinssarkanā bērzlape.
    • EE: Verev pilvik.

    literature

    • Rudolf Schubert (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany . greeted by Werner Rothmaler. 3. Edition. tape 1 : Lower plants . Spectrum, Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 3-8274-0655-2 , p. 498 .

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Gertrude S. Burlingham: New or Noteworthy Species of Russula and Lactaria . In: Mycologia . tape 28 , no. 3 (May – June), 1936, pp. 253-267 , JSTOR : 375427 .
    2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 238.
    3. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 (English: The mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    4. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula sardonia. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; accessed on November 20, 2011 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    5. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 74 .
    6. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 574.
    7. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula sanguinaria. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 6, 2012 .
    8. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula sanguinaria. Retrieved on June 9, 2012 (Täubling very rare :).
    9. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 296 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    10. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula sanguinaria. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved August 10, 2016 .
    11. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula sanguinaria. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    12. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    13. ↑ Gordana Kasom, Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. 2 , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( versita.metapress.com [PDF; accessed June 7, 2012]). versita.metapress.com ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    14. ↑ Russula sanguinaria in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    15. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula sanguinaria. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved October 6, 2012 .
    16. ↑ Pierre Bulliard : Herbier de la France ou collection complète des plantes indigènes de ce royaume; avec leurs détails anatomiques, leurs propriétés, et leurs usages en médecine . tape  I . Paris 1781, p. Plate 42 (French, biusante.parisdescartes.fr ).
    17. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 351 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    18. ^ Franz Xaver von Wulfen: Miscellanea austriaca ad botanicum, chemiam et historiam naturalem spectantia . tape II , 1781, p. 107 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    19. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 229 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    20. ^ Christian Friedrich Schumacher: Enumeratio Plantarum, in Partibus Sællandiae Septentrionalis et Orientalis Crescentium. tape 2 , 1803, p. 244 (Latin, babel.hathitrust.org ).
    21. ↑ Schumacher, Rauschert: Russula sanguinaria. In: Mycobank (Fungal Nomenclature and Species Databank). International Mycological Association, accessed July 22, 2015 .
    22. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes Mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. tape 1 , 1815, p. 55 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    23. ↑ Blood, bile and tears. Deafblings. Part 6: Sharp cream spurs. In: The Tintling . 96, edition 5/2015, pp. 19–30.
    24. ↑ Wild edible fungi sold in local markets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed February 26, 2010 .
    25. ^ Country records of wild useful fungi. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed February 26, 2010 .

    Web links

    Commons : Blut-Täubling ( Russula sanguinea )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files