Synchrophasotron

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A group of visitors above the magnetic torus of the synchrophasotron

The synchrotron was a synchrotron - particle accelerator with 208 m circumference at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna .

history

In 1944, Vladimir Iossifowitsch Weksler developed the basis for the construction of synchrotron accelerators using the principle of phase focusing. Under his direction, the plans for the synchrophasotron were drawn up in 1949 and 1950. The synchrophasotron went into operation in April 1957 and with a proton energy of 10 GeV was at that time the most powerful particle accelerator in the world. In 1971, deuterium nuclei were accelerated to an energy of 10 GeV for the first time .

Between 1987 and 1992, the superconducting Nuclotron was built in a 3.7 m tunnel directly below the synchrophasotron , which went into operation for the first time in March 1992. Both systems shared the pre-accelerator and were able to supply the attached experimentation areas.

From 1991, the operation of the synchrophasotron had to be severely restricted due to high electricity costs and a low financial budget. Operations ceased in 2003.

technology

The synchrophasotron is the last accelerator of the first synchrotron generation. This design is also referred to as a “constant gradient” or “weak focusing” synchrotron and has a large beam tube cross-section due to the design. The air gap of the electromagnets had the dimensions of 40 cm × 2 m, the weight of the iron cores of the electromagnets was 36,000 tons. Synchrotrons built later, such as the Proton Synchrotron or the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron , managed by the "alternating gradient" or "strong focusing" process with much smaller beam tube cross-sections and thus smaller magnets.

In 1988 an “alternating gradient” beam focusing was retrofitted in the synchrophasotron. For this purpose, asymmetrically arranged wedge-shaped spacers were inserted in the air gap of the electromagnets in order to deform the magnetic field according to previous calculations. This allowed the beam to be narrowed to about 6 × 10 cm.

The synchrophasotron was only designed to accelerate protons. Later, nuclei of light elements such as deuterium, helium , lithium , carbon , oxygen , neon , magnesium , silicon , sulfur and xenon were also accelerated. However, the acceleration of heavy ions was found to be ineffective due to poor vacuum quality and weakly coupled high-frequency acceleration .

In the 1970s, the models EC1010 and VT1010B from the manufacturer Videoton were used as control computers .

Web links

Commons : Synchrophasotron  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ AM Baldin, IN Semenyushkin: Twenty years of the synchrophasotron of the JINR High-Energy Physics Laboratory . In: Springer New York (ed.): Atomic Energy . 43, No. 6, 1977, pp. 1146-1147. doi : 10.1007 / BF01117960 .
  2. ↑ Faces and Places / JINR celebrates 50 years of high-energy physics ( English ) Cerncourier. Sept. 4, 2003. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2009.
  3. ↑ AM Baldin et al .: Acceleration And Ejection of Deuterons of the Dubna Synchrophasotron . In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science . NS-18, No. 3, 1971, pp. 1024-1026.
  4. ↑ a b I.B. Issinsky et al .: Beams of the Dubna Synchrophasotron and Nuclotron . In: Acta Physica Polonica B . 25, No. 3-4, 1994, pp. 673-680.
  5. ↑ a b A.D. Kovalenko: Nuclotron: First Beams and Experiments at the superconducting synchrotron in Dubna. Laboratory of High Energies, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 1994, accessed February 1, 2020 .
  6. ↑ JINR Annual Report 2003, Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energies ( English , PDF; 533 kB) Laboratory of High Energies, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 2003. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
  7. ^ AD Kovalenko: From Synchrophasotron to Nuclotron . In: Physics Uspekhi . 50, No. 8, 2007, pp. 870-874. doi : 10.1070 / PU2007v050n08ABEH006359 .
  8. ↑ Frank Hinterberger: Physics of the particle accelerator and ion optics . 2nd Edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-75281-3 , p. 417 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-75282-0 .
  9. ↑ a b A. M. Baldin et al .: Present-Day Status of the Synchrophasotron as a Nuclear Accelerator . In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science . NS-28, No. 3, 1981, pp. 2043-2045.
  10. ↑ IB Issinsky et al .: Second slow Extraction of Relativistic Nuclear Beamd from the Synchrophasotron ( English , PDF; 247 kB) Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna, USSR. 1989. Retrieved December 13, 2009.