Neo-Hittite states
Neo-Hittite or Syro-Hittite states are a group of small states that existed between 1200 and 700 BC. Existed in southeast Asia Minor and northwest Syria . In time they are limited by the end of the Hittite Empire and the Assyrian Empire . They are characterized by multilingualism ( Luwian , Phoenician , Aramaic ), which is expressed in multilingual ( bilingual ) inscriptions. These inscriptions are either in Luwian hieroglyphs (see list of Hittite rock reliefs and rock inscriptions in Turkey ) or earlier in alphabetical writing. The boustrophedon notation is typical , in which the direction of writing changes from line to line. As a substrate language is Hurritic still recognizable, but which is no longer spoken. Culturally they tie in with the Hittite empire.
List of Neo-Hittite states
They can be divided into two groups. A northern group with a stronger Luwian character:
- Tubal or Tabal
- Tuwana , sometimes also attributed to tabal
- Qu'e with the cities of Tarsus , Adana and the fortresses Sirkeli Höyük and Karatepe
- Kummanni
- Hilakku
- Gurgum
- Melid with the capital Kammanu
- Cow , see also commagene
- Karkemisch , which continues the tradition of the Hittite great kingdom.
And a more Aramaic southern group:
- Bit Gabbari with the capital Sam'al or Ja'udi
- Bit Adini with the capital Til Barsip
- Bit-Bahiani with the capital Guzana
- Unqi or Pattina, a successor state to Alalach
- Ain Dara
- Bit Agusi with the cities of Arpad and Aleppo
- Hatarikka-Luhuti breaks away from Aleppo
- Hamath
- Damascus , also called Aram .