Tabal

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King Warpalawa honors the weather god of the vineyard , İvriz, around 730 BC. Chr.

Tabal (Ta-ba-li) was a Neo-Hittite kingdom, northwest of Malatya in what is now Turkey . Its rulers saw themselves as the successors of the Hittite great kings and also used this title in their inscriptions, which are written in hieroglyphic Luwian.

location

The Tabal kingdom stretched from Kululu to Göllü Dağ . The capital was Artulu . Tabal was on the edge of the neo-Assyrian sphere of influence, and although it was temporarily tributary to the great Eastern power, there was never any real control by the Assyrians.

On the black obelisk it is mentioned as a neighbor of Meliddu (Melitene). It bordered the kingdom of Tuwana ( Tyana ) and Hubušna ( Kybistra ) as well as Que . It is reported under Sennacherib that Til-Garimmu was adjacent to Tabali. At the time of Sargon II it was a neighbor of Hilakku ( Cilicia ). It is sometimes referred to as bit burutas in the Neo-Assyrian sources.

swell

Since hardly any excavations have taken place in this area and the Tabal archives have not yet been found, one has to rely on the sparse and certainly partisan Assyrian news for information. A few Urartian inscriptions also mention Tabal (the land of the Tuatte dynasty).

designation

Tabal corresponds to the biblical tubal . There it is usually mentioned together with Mesech . Since several kings of Tabal are often mentioned in the Assyrian sources, researchers such as Seton Lloyd assume that the word was used by the Assyrians to describe a union of late Hittite principalities, to which z. B. also Meliddu, Kummuhu ( Kommagene ), Tuwana and Gurgum ( Maraş ) belonged. This would z. B. also the rock relief of İvriz , which shows a king Warpalawas , ruler of Tuwana before the god Tahunzas , to be assigned to the kingdom of Tabal. Since the ruler of Tabal claimed the title of great king, his vassals could rightly be called kings.

history

Tuwati I , the ruler of Tabal, who called himself the Great King , and his son Kikki were taken by Shalmaneser III. subject to the 837 BC BC crossed the Euphrates in his 22nd palu and accepted the tribute of the 24 minor princes of Tabal (who called themselves "kings").

Also Tiglat-pileser III. (744–727 BC) boasted of taking the Tabal tribute. In addition to Waturme of Tabal, the great king, Usitti of Atuna, Urbala'a of Tuhana, Tuhamme of Istundi and Wirime of Ḫubuškia are named as kings of Tabal. Around 732 BC Tabal rose against Assyrian rule, but was conquered by an Assyrian general who installed Wasusarmas (or Sharumas), the son of Tuwati, as the new vassal king.

718 BC Tabal rebelled together with Kiakki from Šinuhtu, Pisiri from Karkemish and the Muški ruler Mitā (Mi-ta-a) and was subjugated by Sargon II . He in turn appointed a new king who was allowed to marry one of his daughters. 713 BC It came, probably through the influence of Urartus (Sargon mentions a messenger Ur-sa-as, i.e. Rusas ) and the Muški to a renewed uprising, which the governors of the western provinces were able to put down. Now Tabal was made an Assyrian province . 705 BC Another campaign by Sargon against Tabal, Urartu and the Muški is documented. After Sennacherib's death , Tabal fell in 681 BC. Chr. Again from. 676 BC It allied itself with Mugallu , the king of Meliddu (also in the uprising).

The growing power of the muski began to threaten Tabal too. Around 660 BC An embassy at the court of Ashurbanipal asked for Assyrian protection. Presumably this was an attempt to play the two powers off against each other. Mugallu, the king of Tabal, submitted to Ashurbanipal together with the king of Arwad , he clasped his feet, the daughter of his heart became a concubine of the Assyrian king. Tabal paid an annual tribute to "great horses".

Bible

In the Bible ( Ezekiel 32.36 EU ; 38.2.3 EU ; 39.1 EU ) Tubal and Mesech are basically mentioned together, an indication that Tabal and the Muški were probably allies at that time, who also continued in the Feared the south. In the last two quotes, Gog is named as their overlord in the land of Magog, on whose ethnic classification there is no agreement.

In Ezekiel 27.13 EU , Javan (Greeks) are added to the complaint about Tire among the people who brought slaves and ore into the city . Perhaps this refers to the inhabitants of the archaic trading posts in Cilicia .

Also Isaiah 66:19 EU calls together the distant pagan peoples in the north and west (to be once converted to Judaism) Tubal and Javan in his list. Both Genesis 10.2 EU and 1st Chronicle 1.5 EU list Gomer, Madai , Javan, Tubal, Mesech and Thiras one after the other as the children of Japhet . No particular order can be seen here, except that all of them are residents of the north or northwest.

612 BC BC fell not only the Assyrian Empire, but also Anatolia up to the Kızılırmak to the Medes .

Ruler

  • 24 kings, great king Tuwati I (Assyrian Tuatti), around 837 BC BC (Shalmaneser III)
  • Kikki, son of Tuwati I, around 837 BC BC (Shalmaneser III)
  • Hartapu , 8th century BC Chr.
  • Tuwati II., Around 770 BC BC / mid-8th century BC Chr.
  • Wasusarma (Assyrian Wassurme), son of Tuwati II, approx. 740 to 730 BC Chr.
  • Ḫulli, "son of a nobody" 730 to 726 BC Chr.
  • Amb (a) ris , son of Hulli, married to Ahat-abištu, a daughter of Sargon II, approx. 721 to 713 BC. Chr.
  • 713-705 BC Assyrian province
  • Iškallu about 679
  • Mugallu / Mukalli 663, 651 BC Under Assurbanipal
  • ... ussi, son of Mugallu, approx. 640 BC Chr.

Gods

The cult of the weather god Tarhunza , sometimes also called Tarhunza from the vineyard , and the Kubaba from Karkamis are known from inscriptions .

literature

  • OR Gurney: The Hittites . London 1952.
  • Seton Lloyd: Ancient Turkey . British Museum, London 1989.
  • Fischer world history . Vol. 3. Frankfurt.
  • Yak Yakar: Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia: Rural Socio-Economy in the Bronze and Iron Ages (= Monograph Series of the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archeology 17). Tel Aviv, Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archeology 2000. ISBN 965-266-011-6

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Black Obelisk 11, 108–110.
  2. ^ Albert Kirk Grayson: Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC) (= The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods 3). University of Toronto Press, Toronto u. a. 1996, pp. 117-119 (No. A.0.102.40 iii, 5).
  3. ^ A b E. Dhorme: Les Peuples issus de Japhet d'après le chapitre X de la Genèse, Syria 13/1, 1932, p. 38.
  4. ↑ See e.g. B. Fritz Rienecker (Ed.): Lexicon for the Bible , R. Brockhaus Verlag, Wuppertal, 4th edition 1962, Lemma Tabal; Trevor R. Bryce : History . In: H. Craig Melchert (Ed.): The Luwians. Handbook of Oriental Studies I.68 . Suffer; Boston 2003, p. 98.
  5. ↑ Rassam cylinder
  6. ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, pp. 141-145, pp. 306f.
  7. ^ A b c Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, pp. 141-145, p. 306.
  8. ↑ Petra Goedegebuure et al .: TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1: a new Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from Great King Hartapu, son of Mursili, conqueror of Phrygia. Anatolian Studies 70 (2020): 29-43; [doi: 10.117 // S0066154620000022]
  9. ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, pp. 141-145, p. 307.
  10. ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, pp. 141-145, p. 307.
  11. ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History . Oxford, New York 2012, p. 293.
  12. ^ A b Christian Marek, Peter Frei: History of Asia Minor in Antiquity . Munich 2010, p. 802.