Tyana
Coordinates: 37 ° 49 ′ 24 ″ N , 34 ° 34 ′ 14 ″ E
Tyana is an ancient city in Cappadocia , today's Kemerhisar south of Niğde ( Turkey ).
Hittites
You probably corresponds to the Hittite Tuwanuwa , the early king in the list of conquests Labarna I. appears. In Assyrian sources it is called Tuhana . The main god of Tuwanuwa was the weather god , his name has not been passed down. His wife is alternately referred to as Sahassaras, Huwassanas and Tasimis. Here was also a center of worship of the Hattic god Wurunkatti (lord of the land), who is also associated with the Sumerian name Zababa . On the rock relief of İvriz from the late Hittite period (probably 8th century BC) a King Warpalawas of Tuwana is depicted with the god Tarhunzas .
Hellenistic epoch
In Hellenistic times, when Cappadocia was an independent kingdom, Tyana belonged to the two national centers alongside the royal seat of Mazaka in the north. The city was owned by Ariaramnes in the 260s BC. Was torn from the Seleucids and was later named after King Ariarathes V. Eusebes Philopator (ruled approx. 163-130 BC) also " Eusebeia am Tauros ".
Roman period
When Cappadocia finally lost its independence in 17 AD, it was converted into the Roman province of Cappadocia , to which Tyana also belonged. Under Emperor Caracalla , the city in Cappadocia became a prima Roman colony . She joined the uprising of Zenobia and was retaken by Aurelian , who, however, treated the city mildly. In 371 it became the capital of the Cappadocia secunda under Valens .
Late Roman and Byzantine periods
In 372, Emperor Valens divided the province of Cappadocia in two and Tyana became the capital of Cappadocia Secunda . During late antiquity, the city was also known as Christoupolis ( Greek Χριστούπολις "city of Christ").
As a result of the Islamic expansion and the establishment of the new border between the Byzantine Empire and the Caliphate along the Taurus Mountains , Tyana became an important military base, as it was on the road from Anatolia to Cilicia and Syria near the Cilician Gate (approx. 30 km north ). As a result, the city was often the target of Muslim raids. The city was first sacked by the Umayyads in 708 after a long siege and was abandoned for a while until it was rebuilt. It was then occupied by the Abbasid caliph Hārūn ar-Raschīd in 806. Harun turned the city into a military camp and built a mosque there , but had the city evacuated again after the Byzantine emperor Nikephorus I had bought a peace. The city was destroyed again by the Abbasids under Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun in 831. Abbas had the city rebuilt three years later and turned into a military camp in preparation for al-Ma'mun's planned conquest of the Byzantine Empire, but after Ma'mun's sudden death in August 833 the plan was abandoned and the half-finished city was destroyed again.
After that the city fell into disrepair as the Arab threat gradually subsided. The ruins of Tyana are located near what is now the Turkish city of Kemerhisar , where the remains of an ancient Roman aqueduct as well as cave tombs and burial grottoes can be found.
The finds from Tyana and from the nearby settlement mound Köşk Höyük can be viewed in the archaeological museum of Niğde .
aqueduct
Roman water basin at the former east end of the aqueduct
Excavations at the west end of the aqueduct
Finds from Tyana in the Niğde Museum
Church history
Bishop Eutherios of Tyana was the leader of the Nestorian faction at the Council of Ephesus in 431 and was therefore deposed, excommunicated and had to go into exile at short notice. When Firmus of Caesarea , who had participated in his excommunication, came to Tyana to consecrate his successor, both the citizens of the city and the Isaurian troops stationed here under Longras opposed him, and Firmus and the newly ordained bishop, who thereafter again returned to private life had to flee. Eutherios was exiled to Scythopolis (Palestine, Bet-Shean) and finally to Tire , where he died.
The name continues as a titular Catholic archbishopric .
Famous citizens
- Apollonios of Tyana (* around 40; † around 120)
- Bishop Anthimos
- Bishop Eutychios, on the Council of Nicaea represented
- Bishop Theodoros, a friend of John Chrysostom
- Bishop Eutherios
swell
- Strabo, Geographika XII, 537; XIII, 587
literature
- Dietrich Berges , Johannes Nollé : Tyana. Archaeological-historical studies on southwestern Cappadocia (= inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor . Volume 55). Habelt, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-7749-2959-9 .
- Richard P. Harper: Tyana (Kemerhisan / Bahçeli, Bor, Niğde) Cappadocia, Turkey . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
- Friedrich Hild , Marcell Restle : Cappadocia (= Tabula Imperii Byzantini . Volume 2). Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1981, ISBN 3-7001-0401-4 , pp. 298–299.
Web links
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Tyana in Cappadocia, University of Hamburg ( Memento from September 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- Università degli studi di Padova (ital.)