Takeda (clan)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mon (family crest) of the Takeda clan

The Takeda ( Japanese 武田 氏 , Takeda-shi ) were a Japanese noble family . This article refers almost exclusively to the main house (the Takeda of Kai), but there are also several Takeda lower houses that coexist. They all come directly from the Minamoto , were vassals of the Minamoto and helped them to build up the first Shogunate (see Kamakura period ).

The Takeda houses are:

  • Sōka (main house) (Takeda von Kai ) (Japanese: 宗 家 （甲 斐 武田 氏）)
  • Takeda by Wakasa and Aki (Japanese: 安 芸 ・ 若 狭 武田 氏)
  • Mariya (Takeda of Kazusa ) (Japanese: 上 総 ・ 真 里 谷 武田 氏)
  • Kawakubo-Takeda (Japanese: 河 窪 武田 家)
  • Nishina and Aburagawa Takeda (Japanese: 仁科 ・ 油 川 武田 家)
  • Iwama (Takeda from Kumamoto ) (Japanese: 熊 本 岩 間 家)
  • Yonezawa (Takeda of Yamagata ) (Japanese: 米 沢 武田 家)

history

origin

Family tree Seiwa Genji (Minamoto main house), the first "Takeda" at the bottom right

Tenno Seiwa is the ancestor of the Seiwa Genji , the main house of the Minamoto. Several neighboring houses come from these, including Takeda and Ashikaga (see Seiwa Genji ). In 1130 Minamoto Yoshikiyo (1075-1145), son of Minamoto Yoshimitsu (1056-1127), who settled in the municipality of Takeda in the Japanese province of Hitachi , was banished with his son Takeda Kiyomitsu († 1168) in the province of Kai . Their progeny quickly spread throughout the province; some of them were named Takeda.

Rise in the Kamakura period

Establishment of the Genji Shogunate

When the related later Shogun Minamoto Yoritomo had won the victory over the Taira clan, who were competing for power , Takeda Nobuyoshi (1128–1186) was appointed military governor of the neighboring province of Suruga . Also in the short civil war, the Gempei War of 1221, the Takeda and the other Minamoto branch families in Kai fought on the side of the Minamoto main house in Kamakura (see also Kamakura period ), and thus their cousin, the shogun Minamoto Yoritomo and fought against the imperial court. When Yoritomo initially suffered defeat in the Battle of Ishibashiyama (1181) , he asked Takeda Nobuyoshi for help, who immediately sent him an army of 20,000 men.

Defense of the Genji Shogunate

After the fall of the Minamoto rule, they supported the new Shogun family of the Ashikaga (see Muromachi period ) from 1335 . As a sister house, they were viewed as legitimate heirs. Takeda Nobumitsu (1162-1248) supported the general of the Hōjō , who fought for the Genji Shogunate ( Jōkyu riots (1221)), and as a thank you, Takeda Nobutake († 1362) soon became military governor in Aki province (now Hiroshima) ). This was also the birth of Aki's Takeda house next door.

Until the Sengoku period they received the title of shugo (military governor) in the provinces:

High point in the Sengoku period

Early Japanese coin, minted around the time of Shingen in Kai Province

The "Daisan", the "three great ones" of the Takeda, are:

  • Takeda Nobutora (1494–1574) succeeded in subjugating most of the native houses by 1520 and asserting himself militarily against the lords of the surrounding provinces. For the new layer of sovereigns like Nobutora, the name daimyo emerged. However, Nobutora was expelled from Kai in 1541 by his son Harunobu, who later called himself Shingen.
  • Takeda Shingen achieved great territorial gains through skillful campaigns and marriage policies in the provinces to the north, south, northeast and west of Kai. His undecided fights against his great competitor in the north, Uesugi Kenshin (Battles of Kawanakajima) became legendary . Takeda Shingen was the only general who could inflict a military defeat on the later shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1572 Battle of Mikatagahara). One of the most important officers in his service was Yamamoto Kansuke , leader of the 24 generals . Through tight rule, profitable economic, financial and infrastructure policies (in particular the mining of gold, construction of canals and roads, coinage, legal enactments) and the establishment of a mobile, powerful army, Shingen eventually rose to become one of the most powerful daimyos in Japan. In addition, he developed an unusual "mounted army", which with lances in the onslaught had a devastating effect on the foot armies, mostly consisting of riflemen, of that time. At that time it was only common to use isolated mounted archers and infantry.
  • Takeda Katsuyori (1546–1582) did not succeed after Shingen's sudden death from illness in 1573 on a campaign against Oda Nobunaga, however, to preserve what had been conquered. In 1575 Katsuyori was defeated in the Battle of Nagashino by a coalition of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1582, Katsuyori and his family were killed when the province was conquered by his enemies. Part of the family was entrusted with ceremonial tasks in the subsequent Tokugawa period . Tokugawa Ieyasu sought redress for the wild destruction of Oda Nobunaga.

Heads of the Takeda von Kai

  1. Takeda Nobuyoshi (1168-1186)
  2. Takeda Nobumitsu (1186-1221)
  3. Takeda Nobumasa (1221-1265)
  4. Takeda Nobutoki (1265-1289)
  5. Takeda Tokitsuna (1289-?)
  6. Takeda Nobumune (? –1330)
  7. Takeda Nobutake (1330-1359)
  8. Takeda Nobunari (1359-1394)
  9. Takeda Nobuharu (1394-1413)
  10. Takeda Nobumitsu (1413-1417)
  11. Takeda Nobushige (? –1450)
  12. Takeda Nobumori (1450-1455)
  13. Takeda Nobumasa (1455-1491)
  14. Takeda Nobutsuna (1491–1507)
  15. Takeda Nobutora (1507-1541)
  16. Takeda Shingen (1541–1573)
  17. Takeda Katsuyori (1573–1582)
  18. Takeda Nobukatsu (1582)
  19. Takeda Nobuhara (1582–1587)
  20. Takeda Nobuyoshi (1587-1603)

Martial arts

The Takeda clan has become important for the development and transmission of various Japanese martial arts , such as the Takeda-ryū and the Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu , made famous by Takeda Sōkaku , which were handed down within the Takeda clan. Furthermore, the early Takeda established archery schools, riding schools and strategy schools.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Grundmann: Defeat is a victory. Düsseldorf 1983: p. 147; Julia Karzau: Great Budo masters. Berlin 1999: pp. 129-142.

literature

Web links