Deep engraving ceramics

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The first Neolithic culture that penetrates north across the loess border is the north-west German funnel cup culture (TBK) which is identified in a certain phase (according to H.-J. Beier between 3500 and 3000 BC) by deep-cut pottery . In Saxony-Anhalt there are a little over 100 known sites with deep engraving ceramics. There are also 400 megalithic systems there . Deep-engraving ceramics were also found in and near the totenhütte of Großenrode II. But it also shows references to the Wartberg culture . There is still little evidence of the way of life, social structure and economy of the early TBC groups.

research

Utility ceramics are undecorated and not worked very carefully. From a scientific point of view, fragments of these vessels are not very meaningful and can only be assigned to a Neolithic culture through additional finds. The situation is different with the ornate forms, which can be easily typified and dated due to the decorative styles used. Today the entire group is referred to as the Northwest German TBK. With Tiefstich only the regional occurrences of certain ceramics are designated. There are deep-engraving ceramics as:

  • Altmark
  • Emsland
  • Mecklenburg

Paul Kupka was the first to deal with it (1922) and introduced the term "long grave ceramics" or "long grave goods". In 1938 it was renamed "Langdolmenware" based on KH Jacob-Friesen. J. Preuss did not write the first comprehensive work on the Altmark goods until 1980. Up to this point in time there was no detailed treatment and the ceramics were associated with a cultural group.

Settlements

Overall, only a few settlements of the north-west German TBK are known, which are often located on the edge of glacial till and on slopes. Decalcified soils predominate in most areas of distribution. Inland dunes were also settled east of the Elbe. The area of ​​distribution of the ceramics has separate settlement areas. Rivers apparently played a larger role in the spread. In Saxony-Anhalt alone there are deposits in the Altmark, on the Ohre and on both sides of the Elbe up to the mouth of the Mulde .

Complete house floor plans are largely missing. From Wittenwater, Uelzen district , both long houses and smaller post houses are documented on the basis of the post marks . At the Probsthorn, near Haldensleben , a mine was probably excavated (Stahlhofen 1982). The settlement pits in Niedergörne , Stendal district attracted particular interest because of the numerous animal remains. (Stolle / Benecke / Beran 1988).

Ceramics

Middle: Amphora of the ancient deep-engraving ceramics from the large stone grave Bretsch 1 , right: Replica of a clay drum of the ancient deep-engraving ceramic from a large stone grave near Leetze ; Johann Friedrich Danneil Museum , Salzwedel

The clean surface treatment and the use of slurry, finely leaned clay are characteristic of decorated goods. In contrast, coarse ceramics are very thin. The most important vessel shapes are:

  • Eyelet cup
  • Funnel cup
  • steep-walled bowls
  • different shoulder vessels. Including:
    • single-handled shoulder vessels = cups;
    • high necked shoulder vessels = pitchers;
    • shallow bowls.

There are also the rare ones

  • Foot shells
  • Fruit peels,
  • spoon
  • Clay discs
  • Clay drums

The coarse pottery (settlement pottery) is even more diverse. There are large, bulbous vessels with a funnel rim, large amphora-like vessels with strong handles and pots with a short funnel rim.

ornament

Each vessel shape has certain decorative elements. The decoration is rich and varied. Rows of furrows are dominant or predominate, and cutting lines are also frequent. The decoration is done by vertical grooves, furrow stitching and cutting lines. Notches, round punctures and barbed wire lines occur. Decorative elements are vertical bands and horizontal angles in groups. Sometimes the remains of a white paste were found with which the decoration was covered. Plastic elements such as strips and fluting also appear. They can be found mainly on vessels without incised or engraved decorations.

The finds of deep engraving ceramics in Durham and Orpington ( England ) come from modern collections and are therefore to be regarded as fakes.

literature

  • H.-J Beier, R. Einicke: The Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area and in the Altmark. Beier and Beran, 1994, ISBN 3-930036-05-3 .
  • JA Bakker: The TRB West Group: Studies in the Chronology and Geography of the makers of Hunebeds and Tiefstich Pottery. Amsterdam 1979, ISBN 90-70319-05-5 .
  • H. Knöll: The Northwest German deep engraving ceramics and their position in the North and Central European Neolithic. Münster 1959, DNB 452471761 .
  • H. Knöll: Trade and change in the Emsland group of north-west German deep-engraving ceramics. In: Archaeological correspondence sheet. 14, 1984, pp. 131-139.
  • J. Preuss: The Altmark group of deep engraving ceramics. (= Publications of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. Volume 33). German Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1980, DNB 810721031 .

Web links

Commons : Deep Stitch Pottery  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ heavy clay (Engl. Coarse Ware ) is the descriptive term for prehistoric everyday use ceramic goods of different cultures that makes up more than two thirds of all finds. The vessels were used for the transport and storage of goods, the preparation of meals and as cooking vessels. Coarse pottery stands in qualitative contrast to the special execution of ceremonial vessels, both in terms of the type of production and in the generally undecorated appearance
  2. ↑ Jan Albert Bakker Appendix 1 and 2, pp. 156–162 In: Karl W. Beinhauer (Ed.): Studies on megalithics. = The megalithic phenomenon. State of research and ethnoarchaeological perspectives. (= Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. 21). Beier & Beran, Mannheim et al. 1999, ISBN 3-930036-36-3 .